Bilberry: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
copy edit
(47 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{Short description|Species of shrub with edible berries}}
{{About|the wild "European" blueberry|the commonly cultivated "American" blueberry|Blueberry}}
{{About|the wild "European" blueberry|the commonly cultivated "American" blueberry|Blueberry|other uses}}
⚫
[[File:Vaccinium myrtillus Mustikka IMG 1100 C- cropped.jpg|thumb|Bilberries]]
{{Other uses}}
⚫
'''Bilberries''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|l|b|ə|r|i}}) or '''blueberries''' are [[Eurasia]]n low-growing [[shrub]]s in the genus ''[[Vaccinium]]'' in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Ericaceae]]), that bear edible, dark blue berries. The species most often referred to is ''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]]'' L., but there are several other closely related species.
⚫
[[File:Vaccinium myrtillus Mustikka IMG 1100 C- cropped.jpg|thumb|Bilberries in Finland]]
⚫
'''Bilberries''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|l|b|ə|r|i}}), or sometimes '''European blueberries''', are a primarily [[Eurasia]]n species of low-growing [[shrub]]s in the [[genus]] ''[[Vaccinium]]'' (family [[Ericaceae]]), bearing edible, dark blue [[berry|berries]]. The species most often referred to is ''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]]'' L., but there are several other closely related species.


== Etymology and common names ==
== Etymology and common names ==
The name "bilberry" appears to have a [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]] origin, possibly from as early as 1577, being similar to the Danish word ''bølle'' for [[whortleberry]] with the addition of "berry".<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilberry |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bilberry|date=2016|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref> In Scandinavian languages, terms for bilberries have names that carry the meaning "blueberry": e.g. ''blåbär'' in Swedish and ''blåbær'' in Danish and Norwegian.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
⚫
{{Wiktionary}}

The name "bilberry" appears to have a [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]] origin, possibly from as early as 1577, being similar to the Danish word ''bølle'' for [[whortleberry]] with the addition of "berry".
⚫
The bilberry (especially ''Vaccinium myrtillus'') is generally known as '''blaeberry''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|l|eɪ|b|ɛr|i}} in Scottish and Northern English regional dialects,<ref name=Blamey>{{cite book|last1=Blamey|first1=M.|last2=Fitter|first2=R.|last3=Fitter|first3=A|year=2003|title=Wildflowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora.|publisher=A & C Black|location=London|isbn=978-1-4081-7950-5|page=106}}</ref> and '''whortleberry''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|hw|ɜːr|t|ə|b|r|i}} in southern England.<ref name=Blamey />
<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilberry |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bilberry|date=2016|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>
⚫
In Scaninavian languages bilberries have names that translate to "blueberry": ''blåbär'' in Swedish and ''blåbær'' in Danish and Norwegian. The bilberry (especially ''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]]'') is also known by a number of other names including '''blaeberry''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|l|eɪ|b|ɛr|i}} in Scottish and Northern English regional dialects and the [[Scots language]],<ref name=Blamey>{{cite book|last1=Blamey|first1=M.|last2=Fitter|first2=R.|last3=Fitter|first3=A|year=2003|title=Wildflowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora.|publisher=A & C Black|location=London|isbn=978-1-4081-7950-5|page=106}}</ref> '''whortleberry''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|hw|ɜːr|t|ə|b|r|i}} in southern England,<ref name=Blamey /> and '''w(h)imberry''' or '''w(h)inberry''' in Derbyshire, along the Anglo-Welsh border, and south Wales, amongst other places.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


== Description and species ==
== Description and species ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Lahemaa mustikad.jpg|thumb|Ripe bilberry and leaves]]
[[File:Lahemaa mustikad.jpg|thumb|Ripe bilberry and leaves]]
[[File:Fresh bilberries picked in Tuntorp 4.jpg|thumb|Newly picked bilberries to be used in food]]
Bilberries – which are native to Europe – are different from North American [[blueberry|blueberries]], although the species are closely related and belong to the same genus, ''[[Vaccinium]]''. Bilberry are non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] fruits with a smooth, circular outline at the end opposite the stalk, whereas blueberries retain persistent [[sepal]]s there, leaving a rough, star-shaped pattern of five flaps.<ref>{{cite book |last= Voss |first= E.G. |date= 1996|title= Michigan Flora Part III Dicots Concluded |publisher= Cranbrook Institute of Science|page=46 |isbn=1-877370-40-1}}</ref> Bilberries grow singly or in pairs rather than in clusters, as blueberries do, and blueberries have more evergreen leaves. Bilberries are dark in colour, and usually appear near black with a slight shade of purple.
Bilberries —which are native to Europe— are different from North American [[blueberry|blueberries]], although the species are closely related and belong to the same genus, ''[[Vaccinium]]''. Bilberry are non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] fruits with a smooth, circular outline at the end opposite the stalk, whereas blueberries retain persistent [[sepal]]s there, leaving a rough, star-shaped pattern of five flaps.<ref>{{cite book |last= Voss |first= E.G. |date= 1996|title= Michigan Flora Part III Dicots Concluded |publisher= Cranbrook Institute of Science|page=46 |isbn=1-877370-40-1}}</ref> Bilberries grow singly or in pairs rather than in clusters, as blueberries do, and blueberries have more evergreen leaves. Bilberries are dark in colour, and often appear near black with a slight shade of purple.


Bilberries and blueberries contain diverse [[anthocyanin]]s, specifically [[anthocyanidin]]s, including [[delphinidin]] and [[cyanidin]] [[glycoside]]s.<ref name="kaunus" /><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |last1=Lätti |first1=A.K. |last2=Riihinen |first2=K.R. |last3=Kainulainen |first3=P.S. |title=Analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finland |year=2008 |volume=56 |issue=1|pages=190–6 |pmid=18072741 |doi=10.1021/jf072857m}}</ref> While blueberry fruit pulp is light green, bilberry is red or purple. The high anthocyanin content may cause staining of the fingers, lips, and tongue.<ref name="kaunus">{{cite journal|journal=Medicina (Kaunas)|year=2007|volume=43|issue=12|pages=971–7|title=Study of diversity of anthocyanin composition in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits|last1=Burdulis |first1=D. |last2=Ivanauskas |first2=L. |last3=Dirse |first3=V. |last4=Kazlauskas |first4=S. |last5=Razukas |first5=A. |doi=10.3390/medicina43120127|pmid=18182842|url=http://medicina.lsmuni.lt/med/0712/0712-09e.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Bilberries and blueberries contain diverse [[anthocyanin]]s, specifically [[anthocyanidin]]s, including [[delphinidin]] and [[cyanidin]] [[glycoside]]s.<ref name="kaunus" /><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |last1=Lätti |first1=A.K. |last2=Riihinen |first2=K.R. |last3=Kainulainen |first3=P.S. |title=Analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finland |year=2008 |volume=56 |issue=1|pages=190–6 |pmid=18072741 |doi=10.1021/jf072857m}}</ref> While blueberry fruit pulp is light green, bilberry is red or purple. The high anthocyanin content may cause staining of the fingers, lips, and tongue.<ref name="kaunus">{{cite journal|journal=Medicina (Kaunas)|year=2007|volume=43|issue=12|pages=971–7|title=Study of diversity of anthocyanin composition in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits|last1=Burdulis |first1=D. |last2=Ivanauskas |first2=L. |last3=Dirse |first3=V. |last4=Kazlauskas |first4=S. |last5=Razukas |first5=A. |doi=10.3390/medicina43120127|pmid=18182842|url=http://medicina.lsmuni.lt/med/0712/0712-09e.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref>


Bilberries include several closely related species of the genus ''Vaccinium'', including:
Bilberries include several closely related species of the genus ''Vaccinium'', including:
Line 26: Line 25:
* ''[[Vaccinium ovalifolium]]'' (oval-leafed blueberry, oval-leaved bilberry, mountain blueberry, high-bush blueberry).
* ''[[Vaccinium ovalifolium]]'' (oval-leafed blueberry, oval-leaved bilberry, mountain blueberry, high-bush blueberry).


These species, with the exception of ''V. uliginosum'', are part of [[section (botany)|section]] ''Myrtillus''.<ref name="kron">{{cite journal | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/2/327 |title= Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of ''Satyria'' |author1= Kathleen A. Kron |author2= E. Ann Powell |author3= J. L. Luteyn |journal= American Journal of Botany |year= 2002 |volume= 89 |pages= 327–336 |doi= 10.3732/ajb.89.2.327 |issue=2 | pmid= 21669741}}</ref>
These species, with the exception of ''V. uliginosum'', are part of [[section (botany)|section]] ''Myrtillus''.<ref name="kron">{{cite journal |title= Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of ''Satyria'' |author1= Kathleen A. Kron |author2= E. Ann Powell |author3= J. L. Luteyn |journal= American Journal of Botany |year= 2002 |volume= 89 |pages= 327–336 |doi= 10.3732/ajb.89.2.327 |issue= 2 |pmid= 21669741 }}</ref>


== Wild and cultivated harvesting ==
== Wild and cultivated harvesting ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:The fruits of our labour.jpg|thumb|Bilberry fruit in Finland]]
[[File:Norwegian blueberries.jpg|thumb|Closeup of bilberries]]
⚫
Bilberries are found in [[acid]]ic, nutrient-poor [[soil]]s throughout the [[temperate]] and [[subarctic]] regions of the world. They are difficult to grow and the fruit is small, so they are seldom cultivated. Fruits are mostly collected from wild plants growing on publicly accessible lands throughout northern and central Europe where they are plentiful – for example, up to a fifth (17–21%) of the land area of [[Sweden]] contains bilberry bushes, where it is called blåbär (lit. "blueberry", which is a source of confusion with the American blueberry).<ref>[[:sv:Blåbär]]</ref> Bilberries can be picked by a [[berry-picking rake]] like [[Lingonberry|lingonberries]], but are more susceptible to damage. They are softer and juicier than blueberries, making them difficult to transport. Because of these factors, fresh bilberries are only available from markets and gourmet stores. Frozen bilberries, however, are available year round in many parts of Europe.
[[File:Norwegian blueberries.jpg|thumb|Wild bilberries collected in [[Norway]].]]
⚫
Bilberries are found in [[acid]]ic, nutrient-poor [[soil]]s throughout the [[temperate]] and [[subarctic]] regions of the world. They are difficult to grow and the fruit is small, so they are seldom cultivated. Fruits are mostly collected from wild plants growing on publicly accessible lands throughout northern and central Europe, where they are plentiful – for example, up to a fifth (17–21%) of the land area of [[Sweden]] contains bilberry bushes, where it is called blåbär (lit. "blueberry", which is a source of confusion with the [[Blueberry|American blueberry]]).<ref>[[:sv:Blåbär]]</ref> Bilberries can be picked by a [[berry-picking rake]] like [[Lingonberry|lingonberries]], but are more susceptible to damage. They are softer and juicier than blueberries, making them difficult to transport. Because of these factors, fresh bilberries are only available from markets and gourmet stores. Frozen bilberries, however, are available all year round in many parts of Europe.


In [[Iceland]], bilberries (known as ''aðalbláber'', or "prime blueberry") grow predominantly in [[Westfjords]] and the surrounding area. In most of the country, the closely related [[Vaccinium uliginosum|bláber]] occupy the same habitat. Both species are commonly found growing with [[Betula nana|dwarf birch]] and [[Empetrum nigrum|crowberries]]. Wild growth is vast compared to the population of Iceland and wild harvesting is legal, and a popular activity in August when the berry season peaks.
In Iceland, bilberries (known as ''aðalbláber'', or "prime blueberry") grow predominantly in [[Westfjords]] and the surrounding area. In most of the country, the closely related [[Vaccinium uliginosum|bláber]] occupy the same habitat. Both species are commonly found growing with [[Betula nana|dwarf birch]] and [[Empetrum nigrum|crowberries]]. Wild growth is vast compared to the population of Iceland and wild harvesting is legal, and a popular activity in August when the berry season peaks.


In [[Ireland]], the fruit is known as ''fraughan'', from the [[Irish language|Irish]] ''fraochán'', and is traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as "Fraughan Sunday". Bilberries were also collected at the Celtic festival of [[Lughnasadh]] in August, the first traditional harvest festival of the year. The crop of bilberries was said to indicate how well the rest of the crops would fare in their harvests later in the year.
In Ireland, the fruit is known as ''fraughan'', from the [[Irish language|Irish]] ''fraochán'', and is traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as "Fraughan Sunday". Bilberries were also collected at the Celtic festival of [[Lughnasadh]] in August, the first traditional harvest festival of the year. The crop of bilberries was said to indicate how well the rest of the crops would fare in their harvests later in the year.


Bilberry is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (see the [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on Vaccinium|list of Lepidoptera that feed on ''Vaccinium'']]).
Bilberry is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (see the list of Lepidoptera that feed on ''Vaccinium'').


== Food ==
== Food ==
[[File:Tarte aux myrtilles, Refuge du Lac du Lou, Les Belleville.jpg|thumb|Bilberry pie, ''tarte aux myrtilles'']]
The fruits are eaten fresh or made into [[jam]]s, [[fruit fool|fools]], [[juice]]s or [[pie]]s. In France and Italy they are used as a base for [[liqueur]]s and are a popular flavoring for [[sorbet]]s and other desserts. In [[Brittany]] they are often used as a flavoring for [[crêpe]]s, and in the Vosges and the Massif Central bilberry tart (''tarte aux myrtilles'') is a traditional dessert. In [[Romania]] they are used as a base for a liqueur called ''afinată'' – the name of the fruit in Romanian is ''afină''. In the Nordic countries, they are eaten fresh or made into jams and other dishes, including bilberry pie (Finnish ''mustikkapiirakka'', Swedish ''blåbärspaj'') and ''[[blåbärssoppa]]'', a bilberry soup served hot or cold. In Iceland they are popularly eaten with [[skyr]] (a cultured dairy product similar to yoghurt). In [[Poland]], they are either eaten fresh (mixed with sugar), put into sweet buns as a filling (known as a ''jagodzianka'' and a popular bakery product during the summer), or used to make jams (known for their health benefits in the treatment of [[diarrhea]]). They are sometimes served with sweet [[Smetana (dairy product)|śmietana]] (a soured cream).{{Cn|date=February 2021}}
The fruits are eaten fresh or made into [[jam]]s, [[fruit fool|fools]], [[juice]]s, or [[pie]]s. In France and Italy, they are used as a base for [[liqueur]]s and are a popular flavoring for [[sorbet]]s and other desserts. In [[Brittany]], they are often used as a flavoring for [[crêpe]]s. In the Vosges and the Massif Central, bilberry tart (''tarte aux myrtilles'') is a traditional dessert. In Romania, they are used as a base for a liqueur called ''afinată'' – the name of the fruit in Romanian is ''afină''. In Nordic countries, they are eaten fresh or made into jams and other dishes, including bilberry pie (Finnish ''mustikkapiirakka'', Swedish ''blåbärspaj'') and ''[[blåbärssoppa]]'', a bilberry soup served hot or cold. In Iceland they are popularly eaten with [[skyr]] (a cultured dairy product similar to yoghurt). In Poland, they are either eaten fresh (mixed with sugar), put into sweet buns as a filling (known as a ''jagodzianka'' and a popular bakery product during the summer), or used to make jams (known for their health benefits in the treatment of [[diarrhea]]). They are sometimes served with sweet [[Smetana (dairy product)|śmietana]] (a soured cream).{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}


=== Myths and research ===
===Research===
[[Royal Air Force|RAF]] pilots were said to have consumed bilberry jam during World War II to sharpen their [[night vision]] for missions in the dark, although there is no [[evidence-based medicine|medical evidence]] for bilberries providing such an effect.<ref name="wmd">{{cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/features/bilberry-extract-and-vision#1|title=Bilberry extract and vision|publisher=WebMD|last=Edgar |first=Julie |year=2015 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> One review of low-quality [[clinical research]] concluded there was no evidence that consuming bilberries improves night vision.<ref name="Canter">{{cite journal | last1=Canter | first1=Peter H | last2=Ernst | first2=Edzard | title=Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) for Night Vision—A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Trials | journal=Survey of Ophthalmology | volume=49 | issue=1 | year=2004 | issn=0039-6257 | doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.10.006 | pages=38–50| pmid=14711439 }}</ref> Bilberries have been used in a variety of [[folklore]] and [[traditional medicine]], but there are no proven health benefits or anti-disease effects from consuming them.<ref name=wmd /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/bilberry|title=Bilberry|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|date=September 2016|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>
One review of low-quality [[clinical research]] concluded there was no evidence that consuming bilberries improves [[night vision]].<ref name="Canter">{{cite journal | last1=Canter | first1=Peter H | last2=Ernst | first2=Edzard | title=Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) for Night Vision—A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Trials | journal=Survey of Ophthalmology | volume=49 | issue=1 | year=2004 | issn=0039-6257 | doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.10.006 | pages=38–50| pmid=14711439 }}</ref> Bilberries have been used in a variety of [[folklore]] and [[traditional medicine]], but there are no proven health benefits or anti-disease effects from consuming them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/bilberry|title=Bilberry|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|date=September 2016|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>


== Diseases ==
== Diseases ==
Bilberry plants can suffer from bilberry blight,<ref name="NatEn">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/threats/phytophthora.aspx |title=Phytophthora |publisher=[[Natural England]] |access-date=26 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327094135/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/threats/phytophthora.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2012 }}</ref> caused by ''[[Phytophthora kernoviae]]''. There have been severe outbreaks in Staffordshire, England.<ref name="StaffsCC">{{cite web |url=https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/eLand/Countryside/phytophthora/ChannelHome.aspx |title=Disease of Bilberry (Phytophthora) |publisher=[[Staffordshire County Council]] |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004607/https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/eLand/Countryside/phytophthora/ChannelHome.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Bilberry plants can suffer from bilberry blight,<ref name="NatEn">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/threats/phytophthora.aspx |title=Phytophthora |publisher=[[Natural England]] |access-date=26 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327094135/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/threats/phytophthora.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2012 }}</ref> caused by ''[[Phytophthora kernoviae]]''. There have been severe outbreaks in [[Staffordshire]], England.<ref name="StaffsCC">{{cite web |url=https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/eLand/Countryside/phytophthora/ChannelHome.aspx |title=Disease of Bilberry (Phytophthora) |publisher=[[Staffordshire County Council]] |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004607/https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/eLand/Countryside/phytophthora/ChannelHome.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


⚫
{{Wiktionary}}
== External links ==
{{Commons|Vaccinium myrtillus|Bilberry}}
{{Commons|Vaccinium myrtillus|Bilberry}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bilberry}}
{{EB1911 poster|Bilberry}}
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/vacci/vaccmyrv.jpg Map of approximate distribution range of bilberries]


{{Blueberries}}
{{Blueberries}}
{{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}}
{{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Vaccinium]]
[[Category:Vaccinium]]

Revision as of 18:57, 25 April 2024

This article is about the wild "European" blueberry. For the commonly cultivated "American" blueberry, see Blueberry. For other uses, see Bilberry (disambiguation).
Bilberries

Bilberries (/ˈbɪlbəri/) or blueberries are Eurasian low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium in the flowering plant family Ericaceae), that bear edible, dark blue berries. The species most often referred to is Vaccinium myrtillus L., but there are several other closely related species.

Etymology and common names

The name "bilberry" appears to have a Scandinavian origin, possibly from as early as 1577, being similar to the Danish word bølle for whortleberry with the addition of "berry".[1] In Scandinavian languages, terms for bilberries have names that carry the meaning "blueberry": e.g. blåbär in Swedish and blåbær in Danish and Norwegian.[citation needed]

The bilberry (especially Vaccinium myrtillus) is generally known as blaeberry /ˈbleɪbɛri/ in Scottish and Northern English regional dialects,[2] and whortleberry /ˈhwɜːrtəbri/ in southern England.[2]

Description and species

Ripe bilberry and leaves
Newly picked bilberries to be used in food

Bilberries —which are native to Europe— are different from North American blueberries, although the species are closely related and belong to the same genus, Vaccinium. Bilberry are non-climacteric fruits with a smooth, circular outline at the end opposite the stalk, whereas blueberries retain persistent sepals there, leaving a rough, star-shaped pattern of five flaps.[3] Bilberries grow singly or in pairs rather than in clusters, as blueberries do, and blueberries have more evergreen leaves. Bilberries are dark in colour, and often appear near black with a slight shade of purple.

Bilberries and blueberries contain diverse anthocyanins, specifically anthocyanidins, including delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides.[4][5] While blueberry fruit pulp is light green, bilberry is red or purple. The high anthocyanin content may cause staining of the fingers, lips, and tongue.[4]

Bilberries include several closely related species of the genus Vaccinium, including:

These species, with the exception of V. uliginosum, are part of section Myrtillus.[6]

Wild and cultivated harvesting

Closeup of bilberries

Bilberries are found in acidic, nutrient-poor soils throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the world. They are difficult to grow and the fruit is small, so they are seldom cultivated. Fruits are mostly collected from wild plants growing on publicly accessible lands throughout northern and central Europe where they are plentiful – for example, up to a fifth (17–21%) of the land area of Sweden contains bilberry bushes, where it is called blåbär (lit. "blueberry", which is a source of confusion with the American blueberry).[7] Bilberries can be picked by a berry-picking rake like lingonberries, but are more susceptible to damage. They are softer and juicier than blueberries, making them difficult to transport. Because of these factors, fresh bilberries are only available from markets and gourmet stores. Frozen bilberries, however, are available year round in many parts of Europe.

In Iceland, bilberries (known as aðalbláber, or "prime blueberry") grow predominantly in Westfjords and the surrounding area. In most of the country, the closely related bláber occupy the same habitat. Both species are commonly found growing with dwarf birch and crowberries. Wild growth is vast compared to the population of Iceland and wild harvesting is legal, and a popular activity in August when the berry season peaks.

In Ireland, the fruit is known as fraughan, from the Irish fraochán, and is traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as "Fraughan Sunday". Bilberries were also collected at the Celtic festival of Lughnasadh in August, the first traditional harvest festival of the year. The crop of bilberries was said to indicate how well the rest of the crops would fare in their harvests later in the year.

Bilberry is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (see the list of Lepidoptera that feed on Vaccinium).

Food

Bilberry pie, tarte aux myrtilles

The fruits are eaten fresh or made into jams, fools, juices, or pies. In France and Italy, they are used as a base for liqueurs and are a popular flavoring for sorbets and other desserts. In Brittany, they are often used as a flavoring for crêpes. In the Vosges and the Massif Central, bilberry tart (tarte aux myrtilles) is a traditional dessert. In Romania, they are used as a base for a liqueur called afinată – the name of the fruit in Romanian is afină. In Nordic countries, they are eaten fresh or made into jams and other dishes, including bilberry pie (Finnish mustikkapiirakka, Swedish blåbärspaj) and blåbärssoppa, a bilberry soup served hot or cold. In Iceland they are popularly eaten with skyr (a cultured dairy product similar to yoghurt). In Poland, they are either eaten fresh (mixed with sugar), put into sweet buns as a filling (known as a jagodzianka and a popular bakery product during the summer), or used to make jams (known for their health benefits in the treatment of diarrhea). They are sometimes served with sweet śmietana (a soured cream).[citation needed]

Research

One review of low-quality clinical research concluded there was no evidence that consuming bilberries improves night vision.[8] Bilberries have been used in a variety of folklore and traditional medicine, but there are no proven health benefits or anti-disease effects from consuming them.[9]

Diseases

Bilberry plants can suffer from bilberry blight,[10] caused by Phytophthora kernoviae. There have been severe outbreaks in Staffordshire, England.[11]

References

  1. ^ "Bilberry". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  2. ^ a b Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wildflowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4081-7950-5.
  3. ^ Voss, E.G. (1996). Michigan Flora Part III Dicots Concluded. Cranbrook Institute of Science. p. 46. ISBN 1-877370-40-1.
  4. ^ a b Burdulis, D.; Ivanauskas, L.; Dirse, V.; Kazlauskas, S.; Razukas, A. (2007). "Study of diversity of anthocyanin composition in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits" (PDF). Medicina (Kaunas). 43 (12): 971–7. doi:10.3390/medicina43120127. PMID 18182842.
  5. ^ Lätti, A.K.; Riihinen, K.R.; Kainulainen, P.S. (2008). "Analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finland". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (1): 190–6. doi:10.1021/jf072857m. PMID 18072741.
  6. ^ Kathleen A. Kron; E. Ann Powell; J. L. Luteyn (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of Satyria". American Journal of Botany. 89 (2): 327–336. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.327. PMID 21669741.
  7. ^ sv:Blåbär
  8. ^ Canter, Peter H; Ernst, Edzard (2004). "Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) for Night Vision—A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Trials". Survey of Ophthalmology. 49 (1): 38–50. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.10.006. ISSN 0039-6257. PMID 14711439.
  9. ^ "Bilberry". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. September 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  10. ^ "Phytophthora". Natural England. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Disease of Bilberry (Phytophthora)". Staffordshire County Council. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Look up bilberry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bilberry.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Bilberry".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&oldid=1220757791"