History of the Jews in Wales
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The History of the Jews in Wales starts with the establishment of Jewish communities in South Wales in the eighteenth century CE[citation needed]. In the thirteenth century, shortly after Wales was conquered by Edward I of England, he issued the 1290 Edict of Expulsion expelling the Jews from England, and executed over three hundred English Jews. We have no knowledge of the contemporary situation in Wales and no testimony that Jews were living there at that period. Between 1290 and the formal return of the Jews in 1655, there is no official trace of Jews as such on English soil and the same is true for Wales.
Major Jewish settlement in Wales dates from the 19th century, although there are records of Jewish communities from the 18th century as well.
Middle Ages
Like the rest of Western Europe, Wales has traditionally been a majority-Christian country. This has meant that Jews have experienced minority status, but that there was some familiarity with certain Jewish scriptures.
The medieval Welsh clergyman and author Gerald of Wales (c. 1146– c. 1223) wrote an account of his journey through Wales in 1188, the object being a recruitment campaign for the Third Crusade. In his account of that journey, the Itinerarium Cambriae (1191), he gives an obviously allegorical account of a Jew and a Christian priest travelling in Shropshire, England, but makes no reference to Jews in Wales.[1]
With the fall of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales of direct descent, Wales became subject to Edward I of England. He decreed the expulsion of Jews from England in 1290; whether this affected Wales, where the writ of the English king was for a long time limited to the implanted boroughs and some of the Marcher territories, is not known. The Welsh chronicle Brut y Tywysogion refers to the event but only in the context of Jews in neighbouring England.[2]
Early modern period
In neighbouring England, between 1290 and their formal return to that country in 1655, there is no official trace of Jews as such except in connection with the Domus Conversorum, which kept a number of them within its precincts up to 1551 and even later. There is no comparable evidence for Wales.
The BBC notes, "The oldest non-Christian faith [in Wales] to be established was Judaism, with a presence in Swansea dating from around 1730. Jewish communities were formed in the next century in Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, Pontypridd and Tredegar."[3]
Modern period
Increased Jewish immigration in the 19th century led to the founding of new Jewish communities in Wales: "By the end of the 19th century... there were small Jewish trading communities in most industrial towns in the South Wales Valleys."[4]
Generally, the Jewish communities appear to have been well-tolerated in Wales, with some notable exceptions: "The one major outbreak [of anti-Semitism in Wales] before World War I ... occurred in South Wales in August 1911, when working class mobs looted and destroyed Jewish shops in Tredegar and ten surrounding towns, inflicting damaged estimated at £12,000 to £16,000."[5]
Jews continue to flourish in Wales. The modern community in south Wales is centered in the Cardiff United Synagogue.
List of Welsh Jews
Welsh people of some Jewish background, or Jewish people with a Welsh background:
- Dannie Abse
- Leo Abse
- Maurice Edelman
- Raymond Garlick
- Albert Gubay
- Michael Howard
- Joe Jacobson
- Michael Moritz
- Lucy Owen
- Jon Ronson
- Sacha Baron Cohen, father Gerald of Welsh-Jewish origin[6]
References
- ^ Gerald of Wales. The Itinerary through Wales and the Description of Wales, trans. Richard Colt Hoare (Everyman's Library), p. 137.
- ^ Thomas Jones (ed.), Brut y Tywysogion, Peniarth MS. 20 (Cardiff, 1941), p. 229b.
- ^ ""Multicultural Wales"". British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ^ Endelman, Todd M. (2002). The Jews of Britain, 1656-2000. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. p.130.
{{cite book}}:|page=has extra text (help) - ^ Endelman, Todd M. (2002). The Jews of Britain, 1656-2000. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. p.162.
{{cite book}}:|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Valley G's wicked Welsh rootz". BBC News. 2002-03-28. Retrieved 2006-11-22.
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Further reading
- Davies, Grahame (ed.). The Chosen People: Wales and the Jews. Seren (March 1, 2002) ISBN-10: 1854113097 ISBN-13: 978-1854113092
- The Jewish Communities of South Wales. Shemot July 1994 vol. 2/3
- The Jews of South Wales. Historical Studies, Henriques, U Q., 1993. (JCL, LBL, UCL)
- The Jew as Scapegoat? The Settlement and Reception of Jews in South Wales before 1914, Alderman, G., Trans JHSE XXVI 1977
- The Rise of Provincial Jewry. Roth, C., 1950, p. 104 (JGSGB, LBL, UCL, Susser Archive - available on-line)
- Troubled Eden - An Anatomy of British Jewry. Bermant, C. pp. 59-61. 1969 (Vallentine Mitchell, London) (UCL)
- Cardiff Jewish Roll of Honour WW1 based on 1919 Western Mail (JGSGB)
- Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen & Women (AJEX) consecration and unveiling of War Memorial 1939-1945 at Cathedral Road Synagogue (JGSGB)
- The Jewish of Merthyr Tydfil. Shemot September 1998 vol. 6/3
- A vanished Community - Merthyr Tydfil. 1830-1998 September 2001 vol. 9/3
- 'Celebrating diverse identities, person, work and place in South Wales' by Mars, L. in Identity and Affect: Experiences in a Globalising World, Campbell, J.R. and Rew, A. 1999, pp. 251-274 (This is about a Jewish doctor who was a member of the Swansea community)
- 'Cooperation and Conflict between Veteran and Immigrant Jews in Swansea' by Mars, Leonard, in Religion and Power Decline and Growth: Sociological analyses of religion in Britain, Poland and the Americas, 1991, by Peter Gee and John Fulton, pages 115-130