Hillstar: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Genus of birds}} |
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{{Automatic Taxobox |
{{Automatic Taxobox |
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| name = Hillstar |
| name = Hillstar |
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| taxon = Oreotrochilus |
| taxon = Oreotrochilus |
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| authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1847 |
| authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1847 |
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| type_species = ''[[Andean hillstar|Trochilus estella]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=80 |title= Trochilidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-08-05}}</ref> |
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| type_species_authority = d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 |
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| subdivision = see text |
| subdivision = see text |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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The '''hillstars''' are [[hummingbird]]s of the genus '''''Oreotrochilus'''''. They are native to the [[Andes]] in [[South America]]. |
The '''hillstars''' are [[hummingbird]]s of the genus '''''Oreotrochilus'''''. They are native to the [[Andes]] in [[South America]]. |
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The [[ |
The ''[[Urochroa]]'' hillstars are not closely related. |
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==Species list== |
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Their genus contains seven species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Hummingbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/hummingbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=2 January 2020 }}</ref> |
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*[[Blue-throated hillstar]] (''Oreotrochilus cyanolaemus'') |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The birds are approximately {{convert|13|cm|in}} in length with fairly long, slightly decurved black bills. They are [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]]. The male usually has an [[iridescence|iridescent]] green throat, or bluish-purple in the Ecuadorian hillstar, with dull greenish upperparts and pale flanks. The central underparts are usually black, but are brown in the Andean hillstar. The tail is usually dark with a contrasting white pattern; the pattern is cinnamon in the wedge-tailed hillstar, and the tail is entirely dark in the black-breasted hillstar. The female is duller, with a whitish throat densely spotted with green, white, [[Buff (colour)|buff]], or cinnamon underparts, and a dark tail with a white pattern. |
The birds are approximately {{convert|13|cm|in}} in length with fairly long, slightly decurved black bills. They are [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]]. The male usually has an [[iridescence|iridescent]] green throat, or bluish-purple in the Ecuadorian hillstar, with dull greenish upperparts and pale flanks. The central underparts are usually black, but are brown in the Andean hillstar. The tail is usually dark with a contrasting white pattern; the pattern is cinnamon in the wedge-tailed hillstar, and the tail is entirely dark in the black-breasted hillstar. The female is duller, with a whitish throat densely spotted with green, white, [[Buff (colour)|buff]], or cinnamon underparts, and a dark tail with a white pattern. |
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==Biology== |
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==Behaviour== |
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These highly [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] hummingbirds are found in temperate and [[Alpine climate|alpine]] grassland, scrub and woodland at altitudes of {{convert|1200|to|5200|m|ft}}. The Ecuadorian hillstar has been observed nesting at high altitudes on the cliffs of [[Cotopaxi]].<ref>Smith, G. T. (1969). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1969.tb01600.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false A high altitude hummingbird on the volcano Cotopaxi.] ''Ibis'' 111(1), 17-22.</ref> This species is known to [[bird colony|nest colonially]].<ref>Solano-Ugalde, A. (2008). [http://www.ornitologiacolombiana.org/oc6/Solano.pdf High in the Andes: Colonial nesting of Ecuadorean Hillstar (''Oreotrochilus chimborazo'': Trochilidae) under a bridge.] ''Ornitología Colombiana'' 6, 86-88.</ref> |
These highly [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] hummingbirds are found in temperate and [[Alpine climate|alpine]] grassland, scrub and woodland at altitudes of {{convert|1200|to|5200|m|ft}}. The Ecuadorian hillstar has been observed nesting at high altitudes on the cliffs of [[Cotopaxi]].<ref>Smith, G. T. (1969). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1969.tb01600.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false A high altitude hummingbird on the volcano Cotopaxi.] ''Ibis'' 111(1), 17-22.</ref> This species is known to [[bird colony|nest colonially]].<ref>Solano-Ugalde, A. (2008). [http://www.ornitologiacolombiana.org/oc6/Solano.pdf High in the Andes: Colonial nesting of Ecuadorean Hillstar (''Oreotrochilus chimborazo'': Trochilidae) under a bridge.] ''Ornitología Colombiana'' 6, 86-88.</ref> |
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The genus has undergone [[allopatric speciation]]. |
The genus has undergone [[allopatric speciation]]. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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There are six taxa in the genus.<ref name=blei>Bleiweiss, R., et al. (1997). [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/3/325.full.pdf DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae).] ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 14(3), 325-43.</ref> |
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The Ecuadorian hillstar may be treated as a subspecies of the Andean hillstar.<ref name=blei/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Commons category|Oreotrochilus}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* Fjeldså, J. and I. Heynen (1999). Genus ''Oreotrochilus''. pp. 623–24 In: del Hoyo, J., et al. (eds.) ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]].'' Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 1999. {{ISBN|84-87334-25-3}} |
* Fjeldså, J. and I. Heynen (1999). Genus ''Oreotrochilus''. pp. 623–24 In: del Hoyo, J., et al. (eds.) ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]].'' Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 1999. {{ISBN|84-87334-25-3}} |
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{{Strisores|T.|state=collapsed}} |
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{{taxonbar}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q256637}} |
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[[Category:Hummingbirds]] |
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[[Category:Hillstars| ]] |
[[Category:Hillstars| ]] |
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[[Category:Birds of the Andes| ]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by John Gould]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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{{hummingbird-stub}} |
{{hummingbird-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 00:26, 3 January 2024
| Hillstar | |
|---|---|
_perched.jpg)
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| female Andean hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Tribe: | Lesbiini |
| Genus: | Oreotrochilus Gould, 1847 |
| Type species | |
| Trochilus estella[1] d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838
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| Species | |
|
see text | |
The hillstars are hummingbirds of the genus Oreotrochilus. They are native to the Andes in South America.
The Urochroa hillstars are not closely related.
Species list[edit]
Their genus contains seven species:[2]
- Ecuadorian hillstar (Oreotrochilus chimborazo)
- Andean hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella)
- Green-headed hillstar (Oreotrochilus stolzmanni)
- White-sided hillstar (Oreotrochilus leucopleurus)
- Black-breasted hillstar (Oreotrochilus melanogaster)
- Wedge-tailed hillstar (Oreotrochilus adela)
- Blue-throated hillstar (Oreotrochilus cyanolaemus)
Description[edit]
The birds are approximately 13 centimetres (5.1 in) in length with fairly long, slightly decurved black bills. They are sexually dimorphic. The male usually has an iridescent green throat, or bluish-purple in the Ecuadorian hillstar, with dull greenish upperparts and pale flanks. The central underparts are usually black, but are brown in the Andean hillstar. The tail is usually dark with a contrasting white pattern; the pattern is cinnamon in the wedge-tailed hillstar, and the tail is entirely dark in the black-breasted hillstar. The female is duller, with a whitish throat densely spotted with green, white, buff, or cinnamon underparts, and a dark tail with a white pattern.
Behaviour[edit]
These highly territorial hummingbirds are found in temperate and alpine grassland, scrub and woodland at altitudes of 1,200 to 5,200 metres (3,900 to 17,100 ft). The Ecuadorian hillstar has been observed nesting at high altitudes on the cliffs of Cotopaxi.[3] This species is known to nest colonially.[4]
Many hillstars feed mainly on shrubs of the Andean plant genus Chuquiraga, and some species may be limited to them.[5]
The genus has undergone allopatric speciation.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oreotrochilus.
- ^ "Trochilidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ Smith, G. T. (1969). A high altitude hummingbird on the volcano Cotopaxi. Ibis 111(1), 17-22.
- ^ Solano-Ugalde, A. (2008). High in the Andes: Colonial nesting of Ecuadorean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus chimborazo: Trochilidae) under a bridge. Ornitología Colombiana 6, 86-88.
- ^ Bleiweiss, R. (1982). The northern limit of the hummingbird genus Oreotrochilus in South America. The Auk 99(2), 376-78.
- Fjeldså, J. and I. Heynen (1999). Genus Oreotrochilus. pp. 623–24 In: del Hoyo, J., et al. (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 1999. ISBN 84-87334-25-3
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