List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves and Constituency: Difference between pages

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{{otheruses4|the people represented|the area represented|electoral district}}
[[Image:GM - ForexReserves.svg|thumb|350px|right|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold in 2008]]
'''Foreign exchange reserves''' (also called '''Forex reserves''') in a strict sense are ''only'' the foreign [[currency]] deposits held by [[central bank]]s and monetary authorities. However, the term foreign exchange reserves in popular usage (such as this list) commonly includes foreign exchange and [[gold]], [[Special Drawing Rights|SDRs]] and [[IMF]] reserve position as this total figure is more readily available, however it is accurately deemed as '''official reserves''' or '''international reserves'''. The list excludes [[currency swap]]s conducted by central banks.


A '''constituency''' is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. It can be used to describe a business's customer base and shareholders, or a charity's donors or those it serves. The most common meaning of constituency occurs in [[politics]] and means either the group of people from whom an individual or organization hopes to attract support, or the group of people or geographical area that a particular elected representative or group of elected representatives represents.
These are [[asset]]s of the [[central bank]]s which are held in different [[reserve currency|reserve currencies]] such as the [[United States dollar|dollar]], [[euro]], [[yen]] and [[pound (currency)|pound]], and which are used to back its liabilities, e.g. the local currency issued, and the various [[bank reserves]] [[deposit account|deposit]]ed with the central bank, by the [[government]] or [[financial institutions]]. Before the end of the [[gold standard]], gold was the preferred reserve. Some nations are converting foreign exchange reserves into [[sovereign wealth fund]]s, which can rival foreign exchange reserves in size.


A '''constituent'' is any member of a constituency, including those who didn't vote for an elected representative.
This is a list of countries and territories by [[foreign exchange reserves]] in [[US dollar]] equivalence. Some nations have multiple monetary authorities, counted separately, such as [[China]], which has three. Exchange rate fluctuations can have significant impact on these numbers.


The term is frequently used in US politics. In most democracies the term is not that relevant, since the electorate is represented by more than one elected legislator, and the elected legislator has a responsibility to all the [[electorate]] rather than to his constituents. In the US system electorate and constituents are identical groups, but that is not the case in representative democracies. The electorate are all who can vote in the election (e.g. to the parliament), but the constituents are only those who can vote for a particular candidate in that election.
==List of states by foreign exchange reserves==


In US political campaigns the terms is often used to divide the legislator's electorate into separate groups, for instance along racial lines, religious lines, cultural lines, sexual preference lines, etc. (e.g., 'the [[LGBT]] constituency', which shall be interpreted as the intersection of the LGBT community, and the Constituency).
''Note: Although foreign exchange reserves are commonly measured in dollars, recent dollar devaluation against other reserve currencies does not necessarily reflect an improvement of finances. For consistency, forward [[currency swap]] contracts are not included in this list until they mature, figures that include them may be higher than those listed here''.


==Outreach to a constituency==
{|
The [[franking privilege]] in the [[United States Congress]] allows elected members to freely send direct mail to their entire constituency.
|-
{{Expand-section|date=September 2008}}
| width="50%" |
{| border="0" align="left" style="border:1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF"
|-align="center" bgcolor="CCCCCC"
!| '''Rank'''
!| '''Country/Monetary Authority'''
!| '''Foreign exchange reserves<br>(millions of USD)</small>'''
!| '''Figures as of<br>'''
|-
|-valign=top
|-
|—|| '''{{flag|World}}''' <small> (sum of all countries)</small> || $ 7,565,706 || --
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|1|| {{PRC}} <small><br>(does not include Hong Kong SAR Macau SAR)|| $ 1,808,828 || June 2008
|-valign=top
|2 || {{JPN}} || $ 995,800 || Sep 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" valign=top
|3 || {{RUS}} || $ 546,100 || Oct 2008
|-
|— || {{flagicon|EU}} [[Eurozone]] <small><br> ([[EU]] member states which have adopted the euro, incl. [[ECB]])</small>|| $ 563,426 || March 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|4 || {{IND}} || $ 283,900 || Oct 2008
|-valign=top
|5 || {{ROC-TW}} || $ 281,130 || Sep 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|6 || {{KOR}} || $ 239,200 || Sep 2008
|-valign=top
|7 || {{BRA}} || $ 206,510 || Sep 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|8 || {{SGP}} || $ 172,600 || Aug 2008
|-valign=top
|9 || {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] || $ 153,200 || Aug 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|10 || {{DZA}} || $ 149,806 || September 2008
|-valign=top
|11 || {{DEU}} || $ 143,942 || April 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|12 || {{FRA}} || $ 119,588 || May 2008
|-valign=top
|13 || {{MYS}} || $ 119,100 || September 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|14 || {{THA}} || $ 101,500 || Sep 2008
|-valign=top
|15 || {{ITA}} || $ 102,173 || May 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|16 || {{GBR}} || $ 99,956 || March 2008
|-valign=top
|17 || {{MEX}} || $ 84,000 || Oct 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|18 || {{IRN}} || $ 81,000 || May 2008
|-valign=top
|19 || {{CHE}} || $ 80,669 || March 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|20 || {{LBY}} || $ 79,000 || September 2007
|-valign=top
|21 || {{TUR}} || $ 78,187 || August 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|22 || {{POL}} || $ 76,966 || March 2008
|-valign=top
|23 || {{USA}} || $ 75,850 || March 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|— || {{flagicon|EU}} [[European Central Bank]] <small><br> ([[ECB]], not owned by any single [[EU]] member)</small> || $ 65,543 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|24 || {{NGA}} || $ 62,000 || May 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|25 || {{IDN}} || $ 60,560 || July 2008
|-valign=top
|26 || {{NOR}} || $ 55,608 || March 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|27 || {{ARG}} || $ 47,090 || September 2008
|-valign=top
|28 || {{CAN}} || $ 43,057 || March 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|29 || {{ROU}} || $ 41,509 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|30 || {{VEN}} || $ 38,353 || August 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|31 || {{CZE}} || $ 38,162 || June 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|32 || {{UKR}} || $ 37,900 || July 2008 (preliminary)
|-valign=top


==Core constituency==
|33 || {{DNK}} || $ 37,263 || February 2008
The term ''core constituency'' is sometimes used to refer to a base of supporters. The constituency of a member of Congress, for instance, might be every citizen in his district, but his core constituency could be the people who voted for him in the last election.
|-valign=top
{{Expand-section|date=September 2008}}
|34 || {{PHL}} || $ 36,740 || Aug 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|35 || {{PER}} || $ 35,518 || July 2008
|-valign=top
|36 || {{SWE}} || $ 34,501 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|37 || {{ZAF}} || $ 34,394 || March 2008
|-valign=top
|38 || {{AUS}} || $ 30,682 || August 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|39 || {{EGY}} || $ 32,915 || February 2008

|-valign=top
|40 || {{ISR}} || $ 33,650 || Aug 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|41 || {{SAU}} || $ 31,320 || October 2007
|-valign=top
|42 || {{ARE}} || $ 29,620 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|43 || {{NLD}} || $ 27,900 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|44 || {{MAR}} || $ 25,725 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|45 || {{HUN}} || $ 24,440 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|46 || {{COL}} || $ 21,850 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|47 || {{IRQ}} || $ 21,260 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|48 || {{KAZ}} || $ 20,510 || Aug 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|49 || {{VNM}} || $ 20,700 || June 2008
|-valign=top
|50 || {{ESP}} || $ 20,606 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|51 || {{SVK}} || $ 19,689 || March 2008
|-valign=top
|52 || {{KWT}} || $ 19,630 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|53 || {{AUT}} || $ 19,415 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|54 || {{LBN}} || $ 19,400 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|55 || {{NZL}} || $ 18,008 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|56 || {{BGR}} || $ 21,600 || August 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|57 || {{BEL}} || $ 17,416 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|58 || {{CHL}} || $ 16,910 || January 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|59 || {{SRB}} || $ 15,864 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|60 || {{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macau SAR]] || $ 14,740 || July 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|61 || {{HRV}} || $ 13,819 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|62 || {{PRT}} || $ 13,421 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|63 || {{AGO}} || $ 12,290 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|64 || {{BWA}} || $ 10,000 || May 2008
|-valign=top
|65 || {{PAK}} || $ 8,130 || Sep 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|66 || {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} || $ 9,316 || April 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|67 || {{FIN}} || $ 8,824 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|68 || {{JOR}} || $ 8,005 || January 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|69 || {{YEM}} || $ 7,871 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|70 || {{TUN}} || $ 7,714 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|71 || {{LTU}} || $ 7,053 || February 2008
|-valign=top
|72 || {{OMN}} || $ 7,004 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|73 || {{TTO}} || $ 8,100 || 2008 est.
|-valign=top
|74 || {{CYP}} || $ 6,176 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|75 || {{SYR}} || $ 6,039 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|76 || {{QAT}} || $ 6,368 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|77 || {{LVA}} || $ 5,903 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|78 || {{BGD}} || $ 5,900 || August 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|79 || {{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || $ 5,151 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|80 || {{flagcountry|Guatemala}} || $ 4,559 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|81 || {{flagcountry|Bolivia}} || $ 4,917 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|82 || {{flagcountry|Uruguay}} || $ 4,429 || January 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|83|| {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} || $ 5,600 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|84 || {{flagcountry|Belarus}} ||$ 4,498 || April 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|85 || {{flagcountry|Cuba}} || $ 4,247 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|86 || {{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} || $ 3,928 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|87 || {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}} || $ 3,915 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|88 || {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} || $ 3,644 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|89 || {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} || $ 3,618 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|90 || {{flagcountry|Estonia}} || $ 3,581 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|91 || {{flagcountry|Malta}} || $ 3,522 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|92 || {{flagcountry|Myanmar}} || $ 3,500 || Aug 2008
|-valign=top
|93 || {{flagcountry|Bahrain}} || $ 3,474 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|94 || {{flagcountry|Greece}} || $ 3,387 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|95 || {{flagcountry|Kenya}} || $ 3,144 || Aug 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|96 || {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} || $ 3,252 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|97 || {{flagcountry|Honduras}} || $ 2,892 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|98 || {{flagcountry|Ghana}} ||$ 2,837 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|99 || {{flagcountry|Iceland}} || $ 2,792 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|100 || {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} || $ 2,525 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|101 || {{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}} || $ 2,500 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|102 || {{flagcountry|Paraguay}} || $ 2,463 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|103 || {{flagcountry|Tanzania}} || $ 2,441 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|104 || {{flagcountry|Cameroon}} || $ 2,341 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|105 || {{flagcountry|Macedonia}} || $ 2,243 || November 2007
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|106 || {{flagcountry|Republic of the Congo}} || $ 2,242 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|107 || {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} || $ 2,224 || January 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|108 || {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}} || $ 2,193 || December 2007
|-valign=top
|109 || {{flagcountry|Uganda}} || $ 2,100 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|110 || {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} || $ 1,772 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|111 || {{flagcountry|Armenia}} || $ 1,628 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|112 || {{flagcountry|Albania}} || $ 1,615 || December 2007
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|113 || {{flagcountry|Cambodia}} || $ 1,600 || December 2007
|-valign=top
|114 || {{flagcountry|Jamaica}} || $ 1,490 || December 2007
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|115 || {{flagcountry|Mozambique}} || $ 1,470 || November 2007
|-valign=top
|116 || {{flagcountry|Gabon}} || $ 1,459 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|117 || {{flagcountry|Moldova}} || $ 1,730 || Aug 2008
|-valign=top
|118 || {{flagcountry|Senegal}} || $ 1,350 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|119 || {{flagcountry|Georgia}} || $ 1,300 || 2008 est.
|-valign=top
|120 || {{flagcountry|Panama}} || $ 1,260 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|121 || {{flagcountry|Sudan}} ||$ 1,245 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|122 || {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}} ||$ 1,222 || March 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|123 || {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} || $ 1,155 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|124 || {{flagcountry|Zambia}} || $ 1,100 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|125 || {{flagcountry|Slovenia}} || $ 1,076 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|126 || {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}} || $ 1,075 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|127 || {{flagcountry|Mongolia}} || $ 1000 || July 2007
|-valign=top
|128 || {{flagcountry|Chad}} || $ 997 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|129 || {{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}} [[Ireland]] || $ 930 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|130 || {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}} || $ 897 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|131 || {{flagcountry|Lesotho}} || $ 889 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|132 || {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} || $ 840 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|133 || {{flagcountry|Benin}} || $ 825 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|134 || {{flagcountry|Namibia}} || $ 750 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|135 || {{flagcountry|Madagascar}} || $ 745 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|136 || {{flagcountry|Barbados}} || $ 620 || 2007 est
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|137 || {{flagcountry|Laos}} || $ 514 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|138 || {{flagcountry|Rwanda}} || $ 511 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|139 || {{flagcountry|Swaziland}} || $ 395 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|140 || {{flagcountry|Togo}} || $ 363 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|141 || {{flagcountry|Cape Verde}} || $ 344 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|142 || {{flagcountry|Tajikistan}} || $ 301 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|143 || {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}} || $ 294 || January 2008
|-valign=top
|144 || {{flagcountry|Guyana}} || $ 292 ||2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|145 || {{flagcountry|Haiti}} || $ 221 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|146 || {{flagcountry|Vanuatu}} || $ 149 || December 2007
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|147 || {{flagcountry|Malawi}} || $ 140 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|148 || {{flagcountry|Gambia}} || $ 120 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|149 || {{flagcountry|Guinea}} || $ 119 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|150 || {{flagcountry|Burundi}} || $ 118 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|151 || {{flagcountry|Seychelles}} || $ 118 || 2007 est.
|-valign=top
|152 || {{flagcountry|Belize}} || $ 92 || 2007 est.
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|153 || {{flagcountry|Samoa}} || $ 70 || 2004 est.
|-valign=top
|154 || {{flagcountry|Tonga}} || $ 55 || February 2008
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|155 || {{flagcountry|Sao Tome and Principe}} || $ 36 || December 2007
|-valign=top
|156 || {{flagcountry|Eritrea}} || $ 22 || 2007 est.
|}
|}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Constituent country]]
*[[Official gold reserves]]

== External links ==
==References==
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html The World Factbook, CIA]
<references/>
*[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/8802.pdf IMF's data on current foreign exchange reserves of reporting countries]
{{Elections-small}}
*[http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/reservestemplate/ SDDS subscribers with links to their websites containing data on international reserves]

*[http://www.bis.org/cbanks.htm Central bank websites from Bank for International Settlements]
{{Types of administrative country subdivision}}


<!-- Please check these interwiki links! Some should remain here, and some should go to [[electoral district]]. Once checked, remove them from this comment.
{{Lists of countries}}
[[ca:Circumscripció electoral]]
[[cy:Etholaeth]]
[[da:Valgkreds]]
[[de:Wahlkreis]]
[[es:Circunscripción electoral]]
[[eo:Elektodistrikto]]
[[fo:Valdømi]]
[[fr:Circonscription]]
[[ko:선거구]]
[[it:Circoscrizione elettorale]]
[[nl:Kieskring]]
[[ja:選挙区]]
[[ce:Избирательнийн округ]]
[[pl:Okręg wyborczy]]
[[pt:Círculo eleitoral]]
[[ru:Избирательный округ]]
[[simple:Constituency]]
[[fi:Vaalipiiri]]
[[sv:Valkrets]]
[[zh:選區]]
-->


[[Category:Constituencies| ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reserves of foreign exchange and gold}}
[[Category:Economics lists by country]]
[[Category:Elections]]
[[Category:United States congressional districts]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions]]


[[fr:Circonscription]]
[[de:Liste der Länder nach Goldwährungsreserven (2003 und 2004)]]
[[he:מחוז בחירה]]
[[ko:국가별 외환보유고]]
[[simple:Constituency]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen naar valutareserve]]
this is the worst web site ever because i can add what ever i want!!!
[[ja:各国の外貨準備高一覧]]
[[th:รายชื่อประเทศเรียงตามจำนวนทุนสำรองระหว่างประเทศ]]
[[vi:Xếp hạng quốc gia theo dự trữ ngoại tệ 2007]]
[[zh:各国外汇储备列表]]

Revision as of 21:24, 10 October 2008

This redirect is about the people represented. For the area represented, see electoral district.

A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. It can be used to describe a business's customer base and shareholders, or a charity's donors or those it serves. The most common meaning of constituency occurs in politics and means either the group of people from whom an individual or organization hopes to attract support, or the group of people or geographical area that a particular elected representative or group of elected representatives represents.

A 'constituent is any member of a constituency, including those who didn't vote for an elected representative.

The term is frequently used in US politics. In most democracies the term is not that relevant, since the electorate is represented by more than one elected legislator, and the elected legislator has a responsibility to all the electorate rather than to his constituents. In the US system electorate and constituents are identical groups, but that is not the case in representative democracies. The electorate are all who can vote in the election (e.g. to the parliament), but the constituents are only those who can vote for a particular candidate in that election.

In US political campaigns the terms is often used to divide the legislator's electorate into separate groups, for instance along racial lines, religious lines, cultural lines, sexual preference lines, etc. (e.g., 'the LGBT constituency', which shall be interpreted as the intersection of the LGBT community, and the Constituency).

Outreach to a constituency

The franking privilege in the United States Congress allows elected members to freely send direct mail to their entire constituency.

Core constituency

The term core constituency is sometimes used to refer to a base of supporters. The constituency of a member of Congress, for instance, might be every citizen in his district, but his core constituency could be the people who voted for him in the last election.

See also

References

Template:Elections-small 

this is the worst web site ever because i can add what ever i want!!!
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