Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

Mirza Ghulām Ahmad of Qadian (ميرزا غلام احمد) (February 13, 1835 - May 26, 1908 CE, Shawal 14, 1250 - Rabi' al-thani 24, 1326 AH) was a controversial Indian religious figure and founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam. He claimed to be the Mujaddid (divine reformer) of the 14th Islamic century, the Promised Messiah (“Second Coming of Christ”), the Imam Mahdi awaited by the Muslims in the latter-days, as well as the likeness of other prophets. Though he claimed to restore Islam back to its original form, many mainstream Muslims do not accept him or recognize his movement as Islam due to the complicated nature of his claims and conflict with certain beliefs and interpretations.

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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Photograph taken in 1907 by Dixon, a traveller who came from Russia

Ahmad urged Muslims to follow the spirit of Islam as well as its form, the latter of which according to him, was over-emphasized in his age. He declared that Jesus (Isa) had in fact survived the crucifixion and later died a natural death after having migrated towards Srinagar, Kashmir in India. He also stated that he had appeared in the spirit and power of Jesus, and that the Messiah and the Imam Mahdi are two titles for one and the same person. This was contrary to the common mainstream Islamic thought of his time which believed that Jesus, being alive in heaven, will descend himself and that the Imam Mahdi and Jesus were two distinct figures.

He traveled extensively across the subcontinent of India preaching what he thought was the true meaning of Islam and defending accusations and criticism leveled against Islam and its founder, the Prophet Muhammad. He gathered over 300 thousand followers within his lifetime, engaged in numerous debates and dialogues with the Muslim, Christian and Hindu priesthood and leadership, proclaimed Islam as the religion of mankind and promoted the spread of Islam through peaceful propagation.

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Movement in 1889. He claimed that the Ahmadiyya Movement stood in the same relation to Islam that Christianity stood to Judaism at the time of Jesus. The mission of the movement, according to him, was the propagation of Islam in its pristine form.

Ahmadis believe that Ghulam Ahmad was the promised eschatological figure of important religious significance awaited by all major religions of the world. He is believed to be the spiritual return of Jesus, and the promised Mahdi of the end times who was to herald the last age. He is viewed by Ahmadis as the epitome of Islamic values, the "spirit of Islam" in that apart from his literary and oral endeavours he exhibited and demonstrated from his own person the supremacy of Islam. A majority of mainstream Muslims do not accept him and regard him as a false Prophet due to their belief that Muhammad was the last prophet and no prophet can come after him and because in their view Ghulam Ahmad did not fulfill the prophecies about the second coming of Jesus and the appearance of the Mahdi.

Ahmad wrote more than 80 books, largely in Urdu and some in Arabic and Persian. They contain the exposition and explanation of the Gnosis he claimed to have received. A wide range of subjects are also dealt with such as the intricate issues of Islamic theology (often expressing his own interpretation or infusing them with new meanings) and mysticism, as well as refutation of objections and criticism leveled against Islam and its founder Muhammad, authenticating what he saw as the supremacy of Islam, and an explanation of Islamic concepts. Many of his books were written as replies to, or to counter certain other books written in criticism towards Islam.

A few of his books were distributed globally during his lifetime. His essay entitled "Philosophy of Teachings of Islam" was very well received by many intellectuals, including Leo Tolstoy of Russia.

Lineage and background

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's lineage through his forefathers can be traced back to Mirza Hadi Beg, a reputed scholar and chieftain of Persian descent. In 1530 Mirza Hadi Beg migrated from Samarkand along with an entourage of two hundred persons consisting of his family, servants and followers during the reign of the Mughal King Zaheer al-Din Babur. He settled in the Punjab, India, where he founded the town known today as Qadian. Though the family was originally Iranian by race they were all known as Mughals in India. Mirza Hadi beg was granted a Jagir of several hundred villages and was appointed the Qadhi (judge) of the surrounding district. For generations the descendants of Mirza Hadi beg held important positions within the Mughal empire and had consecutively been the chieftains of Qadian. Through his fore mothers Ghulam Ahmad claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah Zahra.

Biography

Early life

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born at dawn on Friday February 13, 1839 CE in Qadian, Punjab, India the surviving child of twins born to an affluent family. As a child, he received his early education at home. He learned to read the Arabic text of the Quran and studied basic Arabic Grammar and the Persian language. In addition, he also studied some works on medicine from his father, Mirza Ghulam Murtaza who was a physician.

Around the age of sixteen or seventeen he also started studying Christianity. Particularly the Christian missionary arguments against Islam. During this period he is said to have collected some three thousand articles critical of Islam and set out to reply to them. This culminated in his book entitled Baraheen-e-Ahmadiyya, which earned him some fame and respect among the Muslim divines.

From 1864 to 1868, Upon his fathers wishes, he worked as a clerk in Sialkot where he is said to have come in contact with Christian missionaries with whom he would have conversations on religion. After 1868 he returned to Qadian, as per his father’s wishes, where he was entrusted to look after some estate affairs. During all this time Ahmad was known as a social recluse because he would spend most of his time in seclusion studying religious books and praying in the local Mosque. As time passed, he began to engage more with the Christian missionaries and would often confront them in public debates. Particularly in defending Islam against their criticism; especially with the Christian missionaries based in the town of Batala, about 11 miles (18 km) from Qadian in India.

Revelation before claim

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have received true dreams, visions and revelation even as a youth. In 1869 Muhammad Husein, a leader of the Ahle Hadith sect who had known Ahmad from childhood, came to Batala. Upon Ahmad's visit to Batala, he was requested to hold a debate with Hussein. It is said that he sat himself in the Mosque opposite Muhammad Hussein where crowds had gathered eagerly awaiting an intellectual exchange between the two. He began by asking him what his position was regarding a certain theological point.

Upon hearing his answer and finding that it was in accordance with the Islamic teaching he exclaimed "If that is your view it is most reasonable. There is nothing to be said against it" and he then left to the disapproval of his supporters who, thinking themselves humiliated, began shouting. Ahmad however was not moved and upon his return to Qadian claimed that God had revealed to him His appreciation regarding this matter and told him: "God is Pleased with your humble ways, He will shower his blessings on you, so much so that Kings would seek blessings from your garments" (Baraheen-e-Ahmadiyya, Vol IV p 520) [6][7]

Forty days of solitude

In 1886 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, seeking further Divine guidance, decided to undertake a period of 40 days of solitude, a practice known in Islam as chilla-nashini . He travelled to Hoshiarpur along with 3 other companions to the small 2-storied house of one of his followers and was left alone in a room where his companions would bring him food and leave without speaking to him as he prayed and contemplated. He only left the house on Fridays and used an abandoned mosque for Jumu'ah (Friday prayers). It is during this period that he declared God had given him the glad tidings of an illustrious son.

His Claim

Main article: The claims of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claims were not given all at once but rather developed gradually. He declared that he was the promised Messiah and Mahdi, and that his advent was in fulfilment of the various prophecies regarding the promised reformer of the latter days. This sparked great controversy, especially among the Muslim, Christian and to some extent Hindu clergy. However it is worth noting that he never claimed to be the same physical Jesus who lived 19 centuries before him, as is often misunderstood, but claimed only a spiritual likeness and affinity, and that he had appeared in the same manner and style as Jesus who, according to him, had died a natural death, in contradiction to the traditional Muslim interpretation of the Quran which asserts Jesus's actual physical ascension to heaven instead of crucifixion.

In Tazkiratush-Shahadatain he wrote about his fulfilment of various prophecies. In it he enumerated a variety of prophecies and descriptions from both the Quran and Hadith relating to the advent of the Promised Messiah which he ascribed to himself. These include assertions that he was physically described in the Hadith and manifested various other signs; some of them being wider in scope, such as focusing on world events coming to certain points, certain conditions within the Muslim community, and varied social, political, economic, and physical conditions.

He was accused of creating a new religion,  a heretical act in Islam, which he repeatedly denied claiming only an Islamic revival and rejuvenation and that he was a Prophet within the Ummah and dispensation of Muhammad just as Jesus was a prophet within the dispensation of Moses. Islam, however, strictly holds Muhammad to be the last Prophet in every sense of the word and Muhammad's title of "Seal of the Prophets" and numerous authentic hadith leave no room for any ambiguity regarding to this matter.

Post Claim

In time, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claims of being the Mujaddid (reformer) of his era became more explicit. These writings were compiled in one of his most well-known and praised works: Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya, a work consisting of a number of volumes. In later volumes, he would claim to be the Messiah of Islam which has proven a strong challenge for Muslims to accept, since traditional Islamic thought and volumes of authentic ahadith (collection of hadith) contend that Jesus will return in the flesh at the end of times, establish Islam over the entire world and slay the Dajjal, the Arabic reference to and name for the Antichrist. Ahmad, by contrast, asserted that Jesus had in fact survived crucifixion and died of old age much later in Kashmir where he had migrated which, again, clearly repudiates the explicit account of the event as told in the Quraan. According to Ahmad the promised Mahdi was a symbolic reference to a spiritual leader and not a military leader in the person of Jesus Christ as is believed by many Muslims. With this proclamation he also rejected the idea of armed Jihad, and argued that the conditions for such Jihad are not present in this age which requires defending Islam by the pen and tongue but not with the sword and thus renouncing another fundamental command of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam.

The taking of the Covenant

In December, 1888 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad announced that God had ordained him that whosoever seeks true faith and piety should enter into a Bay'ah with him, and pledge their allegiance to him. In January 1889 he published a pamphlet in which he laid out ten conditions or issues to which the initiate would abide by for the rest of his life. On 23rd March 1889 he founded the Ahmadiyya community. Forty people pledged their allegiance to him on this day, when they put their hands with his hand and repeated after Him the words:

"This day at the hand of Ahmad I repent from all those sins and bad habits in which I had indulged. And intend with a true heart and firm resolve to refrain from all sin till the end of my days with as much strength as I have and will give precedence to faith over all worldly comforts and carnal delights and will try my utmost to abide by the 10 conditions of Baait [initiation] and I seek forgiveness of all my past sins from God Almighty 'I beg pardon from Allah my Lord, I beg pardon from Allah my Lord, I beg pardon from Allah my Lord for all my sins and turn to Him. O my Lord, I wronged my soul and I confess all my sins; pray, forgive me my sins for there is none else except Thee to forgive."

This practice continued for the rest of his life as people came from far and wide to pledge their allegiance and join his community, and was continued by his successor (Caliphs).[8]

Reaction of religious scholars

In time, as the writings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad became more and more radical and as he reinterpreted and negated the Quraan and hadith, they began to turn the religious scholars against him, and he was often branded as a heretic. His opponents accused him of working against the British Government due to the termination of armed Jihad, since his claims of being the Mahdi were tantamount to claiming kingship and were made around the same time as the Mahdi of Sudan (Muhammad Ahmad). Many years after his death he was again accused of working for the British to curb the Jihadi ideology of Muslims.

Following his claim to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, one of his adversaries prepared a Fatwa (decree) of disbelief against Ahmad, declaring him a Kafir (disbeliever), a deceiver, a liar, and him and his followers to be permissible of being killed. This decree was taken all around India and was signed by some two hundred religious scholars. [9]

Some years later a prominent Muslim leader, Ahmed Raza Khan, traveled to the Hejaz to collect the opinions of the religious scholars of Mecca and Madina. He compiled these opinions in his work Hussam ul Harmain (The sword of two sanctuaries) [10] in which Ahmad was again accused of apostasy and of being inspired by Satan. The unanimous consensus of about thirty-four religious scholars was that his beliefs were blasphemous, tantamount to apostasy, and that he must be punished according to the Shariah Law. It stated:

"If these heretics do not resort to repentance after imprisonment, the head of state must order their execution. This is mandatory obligation of the rulers to kill the apostates." (Husam al Haramain: pg.6)

Ahmed Raza named the sect "Ghulamiyya" in his fatwa Hussam al Haramain.

Journey to Delhi

Delhi was then considered a centre of religious learning and home to many prominent religious leaders. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad traveled to Delhi in 1891 with the intention of distinguishing what he believed to be the truth from falsehood, and attempting to make it openly manifest for people through these influential divines, and for the 'completion of proof'. He published an advertisement in which he invited the scholars to accept his claim and to engage in a public debate with him regarding the life and death of Isa (Jesus), particularly Maulana Nazeer Hussein who was hailed as the greatest shaikh and a leading religious scholar. He also proposed three conditions that were essential for such a debate. Namely, that there should be a police presence to maintain peace, the debate should be in written form and that the debate should be on the subject of the death of Jesus.

It is said that after the publication of this advertisement Maulana Nazeer Hussein and his companions prepared for debate and then announced the designated time and place for the debate. The two parties gathered but were deterred by a mob, allegedly organized by Maulana Nazeer Hussein, which had gathered outside the house and were accused of threatening the family of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. The debate was subsequently called off though Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is reported to have reissued his offer of a public debate with a scholar.

Eventually it was settled and Ahmad traveled to the Jama Masjid Delhi (main mosque) of Delhi accompanied by twelve of his followers, where some 5,000 people were gathered. Before the debate started there was a discussion on the conditions, which led to the conclusion that the debate should not be upon the death of Jesus, but upon the claims of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He explained that his claim could only be discussed after the death of Jesus was proven, for Jesus was considered by many to be living and the one who will descend to earth himself. Only when this belief was refuted could his claim to be the Messiah be discussed.

Upon this there was a clamor among the crowds, and Ahmad was informed that the other party alleged that he was at odds with Islamic beliefs and was a disbeliever, therefore it was not proper to debate with him unless he clarified his beliefs. Ahmad wrote his beliefs on a piece of paper and had it read aloud, but due to the clamor among the people it could not be heard. Seeing that the crowd was drifting out of control and that violence was imminent, the police superintendent gave orders to dismiss the public and move them on and the debate did not take place. However, a few days later a debate did take place between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Maulwi Muhammad Bashir of Bhopal.

Ahmad is known to have traveled extensively across India during this period of his life and having held various debates with influential religious leaders.

The Heavenly Decree

Following the decrees of religious scholars and the events thereafter, it is said that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's opponents began persuading people to stay away from the self-proclaimed Messiah by informing people of his claims and how and why they were false according to the Quraan and ahadith. People were also instructed not to follow him, regardless of what he procures, so long as his teachings go against the Quraan or hadith.

He published a book called The Heavenly Decree in which he invited all his opponents, religious scholars, Sufis, Pir's, hereditary divines and those who had declared him a disbeliever to a 'spiritual contest', in which the question of whether someone was a Muslim and a true believer or not would be settled by God himself based on the four criteria of a true believer as laid out in the Quran. Namely, that a perfect believer will frequently receive glad tidings from God, will be given awareness about hidden matters and events of the future from God, most of his prayers will be fulfilled and that he will excel others in receiving comprehension of the finer points, subtleties and deeper meanings of the Quran which will be new in its nature and not observed by a previous scholar or commentator. [11]

According to Ahmad the perfect believer will be dominant and outstanding compared to others in exhibiting these four signs or characteristics. In this book he also laid down the modus operandi for such a contest and it was according to him a perfect way of discerning a true believer from one who is not.

The sun & moon eclipse

In 1894, about 3 years after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claim to be the Mahdi and Messiah, both the moon and sun were eclipsed in the same month during Ramadan. He declared that this was a sign of his truth, and was in fulfillment of a tradition or prophecy attributed to the 7th century Imam Muhammad al-Baqir also known as Muhammad bin Ali.

This occurrence has faced some criticism, with critics of Ahmad asserting that this was a weak tradition with unreliable narrators, one which cannot be traced back to Muhammad himself, and that such eclipses have taken place before. Ahmadis however argue that such eclipses have never taken place as a sign for the truth of any person, and that this sign being mentioned in other religious scriptures such as the Bible and the Quran, and the fact that it actually took place while Ahmad was the claimant further enhances the reliability of the tradition.

Accusation & Trial

After his claim, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was involved in 7 different lawsuits against his person, but was never convicted of any criminal or civil offence. [12] One such case was following the events of the debate with Abdulla Atham and the prophecy concerning him, when his opponents, Hindus, Christians and Muslims seeking to silence him, are said to have conspired against him.

He was accused of the attempted murder of Dr. Henry Martin Clark of the Church missionary society, who had first proposed the above mentioned debate between Ahmad and Atham. The prosecution included Ahmad's most bitter opponents, Dr. Henry Martin Clark, Muhammad Hussian, and Pundit Ram Bhaj Dutt of the Arya Samaj. The case was tried by Captain M.W. Douglas. Dr. Clark filed a complaint in the court of the District Magistrate that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad had conspired to kill him and bribed a vagabond youth to give evidence. The youth had earlier visited Qadian and now resided in Dr. Clark's mission. He claimed that Ahmad had sent him to kill Dr. Clark, but his claims were not consistent while giving evidence, adding to the story each time he was questioned. He later admitted that he was coaxed into this by Dr. Clark. [13] Ahmad was found innocent and acquitted. [14]

The following year Ahmad again traveled to Gurdaspur to answer a charge of breach of peace which, it was alleged by the police, he had threatened with the publication of certain prophecies. [15]

Knowledge of Arabic

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was criticized for his inadequate knowledge of the Arabic language. Subsequently he claimed to have been taught Arabic directly by God and that he received the knowledge of 40,000 Arabic roots from God in a single night. He wrote some 20 books in this language as well as poetry upon what he considered was divine direction. He challenged his critics, his contemporary religious scholars to produce the like of his Arabic works with as much help as they wanted individually or collectively. After having been alleged to have hired some experts of the Arabic language to write those books, he gave them leave to call to their aid the learned men and divines of Arabia, Egypt and Syria whose mother-tongue was Arabic. Thus he extended his challenge to all Arabs and non-Arabs alike. According to Ahmadi sources no one took up this challenge and those who did, only sought to find fault with the works of Ghulam Ahmad and failed to produce any book. He also declared Arabic to be the mother of all languages (Ummul-Lisana) and the original tongue of mankind. This subject he dealt with in detail in his book Minunur-Rahman.

The Revealed Sermon

In 1900, on the occasion of the festival of Eid ul-Adha, he is said to have delivered an hour-long sermon extempore in Arabic expounding the meaning and philosophy of sacrifice. This is considered from among the important events of the history of Ahmadiyya, was immediately written down by his companions and came to be known as the Khutba Ilhamiyya, the revealed or inspired sermon. It is said that during this sermon there was a change in his voice, he appeared as if in a trance, in the grip of an unseen hand, and as if a voice from the unknown had made him its mouthpiece. After the sermon ended Ahmad fell into prostration followed by the rest of the congregation as a sign of gratitude towards God.

Ahmad wrote later in his book Haqeeqatul-Wahi:

"It was like a hidden fountain gushing forth and I did not know whether it was I who was speaking or an angel was speaking through my tongue. The sentences were just being uttered and every sentence was a sign of God for me."

Plague & earthquake

Main article: Prophecies of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

In 1898 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have seen in a vision the imminent plague and warned people against it. This plague was at its peak between 1902-1903 and ravaged the Punjab, with an average of forty thousand people dying every week and killing 10 million people in its wake. He forbade his followers to use any preventive vaccine and assured his true followers that they would be saved. His following is known to have grown rapidly during this period.

1905 saw a terrible earthquake, which Ahmad had claimed to have foreseen earlier, killing about 40,000 people.

Challenge to Dr. Dowie

In 1899 a Scottish born American clergyman by the name of John Alexander Dowie had laid claim to be the forerunner of the second coming of Christ just as John the Baptist according to Christian tradition in his capacity of Elijah [16] had been the forerunner of Jesus. Dowie had been offensive towards Islam and its founder. When Mirza Ghulam Ahmad came to know of him he challenged him to a prayer duel and stated:

"The best way to determine whether Dowie's God is true or ours, is that Mr. Dowie should stop making prophecies about the destruction of all Muslims. Instead he should keep me alone in his mind and pray that if one of us is fabricating a lie, he should die before the other"[17]

Dowie evaded this challenge, calling Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the "silly Mohammedan Messiah". He was further provoked when Ahmad prophesied thus:

Though he may try hard as he can to fly from death which awaits him, yet his flight from such a contest will be nothing less than death to him; and calamity will certainly overtake his Zion, for he must bear the consequences either of the acceptance of the challenge or its refusal. He will depart this life with great sorrow and torment during my lifetime. [Ahmadiyyat: The Renaissance of Islam p.101]

Dowie eventually died suffering from paralysis and insanity in the March of 1907. [18]

Encounter with the Agapemonites

In September 1902 a man by the name of Rev. John Hugh Smyth-Pigott proclaimed himself the Messiah, and also claimed to be God, while preaching in the Church of the Ark of the Covenant in Clapton, London. A church that was originally built by the Agapemonites a sect founded by the Anglican priest Henry James Prince[19]

When the news of his claim reached India, Mufti Muhammad Sadiq, a disciple of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, was informed of it and wrote to Pigott informing him of the claim of Ahmad and requesting more information about his own claim. Pigott did not reply directly but a letter was received from his secretary along with two advertisements one carrying the title "The Ark of Noah". When these advertisements and letter was read out in the presence of Ahmad he replied:

Logic is respected and lasts but irrational thought loses its innovativeness in the space of a few lines. Now our Noah’s Ark will overpower the false one. The Europeans used to say that false Messiahs are about to come, so first these false prophets and Messiahs stepped out in London. After this the voice of the true Messiah will reach London. It is also recorded in the Ahadith that the Anti-Christ will claim Godhead and Prophethood for himself, so this Nation has also fulfilled this manifestly. Dowie is claiming to be a Prophet in America and Pigott is claiming to be God in London and calls himself God. (Malfoozat; Vol.4, 11 November 1902)

After having prayed about Piggot, Ahmad claimed to have seen in a dream "some books on which was written three times: Holy, Holy, Holy" followed by a revelation: "Allah is severe in retribution. They are not acting righteously". (Tazkirah, pg.531)

Ahmad issued an advertisement forewarning Pigott of the "Punishment that awaits him" if he did not repent of his irreverent claim. Which is said to have been widely publicized in English Newspapers, it is said that thenceforth Pigott became silent and did not repeat his claim. He left London and retreated to a small village in Somerset, changed his name, seeking a life of anonymity and was defrocked by the Anglican Church following the birth of three sons from one of his many ‘brides’. He eventually died in March 1927.[20]

A charge of defamation and trial

Another case brought against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, which is believed to be yet another attempt to disgrace him, was that of defamation by one Karam Din. He had written to Ahmad in 1902 pretending to be a sympathizer. When Ahmad included these letters in one of his books and published it, Karam Din shifted to outright denial, rejecting that those letters were ever written by him. When Ahmad denounced him as mean-spirited and a liar, he launched a libel action against him. It was a case that lingered on for almost two years.

The accounts of this case relate that Ahmad traveled to Jhelum in connection with the case but due to the exceeding crowds of thousands that had gathered to receive him both supporters and those who opposed him, astonishing the authorities and because there was danger of violence the case was adjourned and later transferred to Gurdaspur. It is said that nearly one thousand people pledged their allegiance to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on this day.

The Magistrate who happened to be a Hindu, is believed to have been pressurized by the members of the Arya Samaj in that this was an opportune time to have Ahmad arrested and imprisoned. However a Muslim clerk who had contact with the Arya Samaj revealed their intentions to a disciple of Ahmad. His disciple Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din who was also his lawyer in this case tried to have the case transferred to another town but was not successful. During this time Ahmad took up temporary residence in Gurdaspur, the reason being that the magistrate troubled him by giving hearing upon hearing on short notice often everyday thus trying to occupy much of his time.

While in Gurdaspur he was informed by one of his companions of how his opponents had sought to have him arrested upon which he laid out his hands and said “what can I do? I have submitted to God that I am ready to wear bindings of steel on my wrists and feet for the sake of your religion, but He says: No, I shall protect you from abasement and shall acquit you with Honour" Then he began preaching upon Divine love for almost half an hour when suddenly he put his head between his knees and vomited, which was of pure blood. A doctor was called in who advised rest and issued a certificate stating that he was unable to attend court for the next month and upon demand, verified the certificate before the magistrate. Before the day he was to appear in court the magistrate was demoted and transferred to another town. He was replaced by another magistrate who chose a certain date to announce his verdict, then changed it to Saturday, which it was discovered was with the intention of announcing a heavy fine before the court closed so that Ahmad, not being able to pay the sum would be arrested and as the next day was a holiday he would have to spend the rest of the weekend in prison.

When the day of his hearing arrived the police was ordered not to permit anyone to enter the court except Ahmad, his companion Khwaja Kamaludin (who was not with him at the time) saw him entering the court on his own, he sought to enter but was stopped by guards, he insisted that he was the lawyer of the accused and forcing them out of the way, entered just as the magistrate was imposing a fine of 700 rupees, an extraordinary sum at the time. Immediately he took the amount out from his pocket and placed it before the magistrate thus compelling him to acquit Ahmad. He walked out freely to the bewilderment of the crowds gathered outside the court, who were expecting him to walk out handcuffed and escorted by police. Finally his lawyers took the case to the court of appeal, which overturned the magistrate’s decision, returned the fine, there had been no libel, the Judge justified the criticism of Karam din and expressed his amazement as to why such a minor case had dragged on for so long.

A great part of this period of his life is also known to have been spent in the spiritual training and upbringing of his disciples.

The White Minaret

According to Islamic tradition Jesus, upon his second advent would descend on or near a white minaret disputably to the east of Damascus or in the eastern side of Damascus. Ghulam Ahmad argued that this Hadith does not explain whether the minaret will be within the eastern side of Damascus or to the eastern side of the city. According to him this prophecy was fulfilled with his advent in Qadian a town situated to the east of Damascus and the significance of the minaret symbolic. The minaret according to him symbolised the spread of the light of Islam, his message reaching far and wide and the supremacy of Islam which was to tower up as it were like a minaret in the time of the promised one. It is also believed to be pointing to an age of enlightnment and one where there are all kinds of facilities for communication and transport. Ghulam Ahmad claimed that God had revealed to him:

"Step forth that your time has Arrived and the feet of the people of Muhammad have been firmly planted on a high tower. Holy Muhammad, the chosen one, Chief of the Prophets." (Tadhkirah, pg.444)

In 1903 Ahmad laid the foundation of a Minaret to commemorate the prophecy. This according to him will represent the physical as well as spiritual aspects of Islam with a light and a clock fixed on its top symbolising the light of Islam spreading far and wide and so man will recognize his time, and a Muezzin to give the call to prayer five times a day symbolising an invitation to Islam. The construction of this minaret was however completed in 1916.

Last journey

Towards the end of 1907 and early 1908 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have received numerous revelations informing him of his imminent death. In April 1908 he traveled to Lahore with his family and companions. Here he gave many lectures. it is said that a banquet was arranged for dignitaries and upon request he spoke for some two hours explaining his claims, teachings and refuting objections raised against his person, here he preached reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. He completed writing his last work entitled A Message of reconciliation a day before his death.

Death

Main article: Controversy surrounding the death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

While he was in Lahore at the home of Dr. Syed Muhammad Hussain (who was also his physician), Mirza Ghulam Ahmad fell ill, suffering from dysentery. He passed away in Lahore on 26th May 1908. [21] Critics of Ahmad claim that he suffered a death from cholera which they allege according to his own writings was an accursed death. However, his followers denounce these allegations and instead say that he died in 1908 as a result of complications arising from diarreah due to dysentery.

Why the name Ahmadiyya was given

The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889, but the name Ahmadiyya was not adopted until about a decade later. In a manifesto dated November 4, 1900, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad explained that the name referred not to himself but to Ahmad, the alternative name of the prophet Mohammed. According to him, ‘Mohammed’, which means ‘the most praised one’, refers to the glorious destiny, majesty and power of the prophet who adopted the name from about the time of the Hegira; but ‘Ahmad’ which means 'highly praised' and also 'comforter' stands for the beauty of his sermons, symbolizes the qualities of tenderness, gentleness, love and mercy displayed by Muhammad and for the peace that he was destined to establish in the world through his teachings. According to Ahmad, these names thus refer to two aspects of Islam and in later times it was the latter aspect that commanded greater attention.

Accordingly, this was the reason in Ahmad's view why the Old Testament prophesied a Messenger 'like unto Moses' named Mohammad, while according to the Quran Jesus foretold of a messenger named Ahmad.^{[Quran 61:7]} which states:

"And call to mind when Jesus, son of Mary, said, 'O children of Israel, surely, I am Allah's Messenger unto you, fulfilling that which is before me of the prophecies of the Torah, and giving glad tidings of a Messenger who will come after me, his name being Ahmad. And when he came to them with clear proofs, they said, this is manifest sorcery."

In keeping with this, he believed, his object was to defend and propagate Islam to the whole world through peaceful means, to revive the forgotten Islamic values of peace, forgiveness and sympathy for all mankind and to establish peace in the world through the spiritual teachings of Islam. He believed that his message had special relevance for the Western world which according to him had descended into materialism.

Affinity with Jesus of Nazareth

Numerous similarities between Jesus of Nazareth and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad are drawn in Ahmadi writings, some of which relate to their person while others relate to the circumstances of their appearance, the deposition of the people of their age, and the nature of their mission. they include the following:

• At the birth of both there was the appearance of a Comet. In the case of Jesus, a supernova occurred near the time of his birth and a "darkening of the sun" at the time of crucifixion. In the case of Ahmad, there occurred the "falling of stars" ( which his followers claim occurred as fulfillment of the sign mentioned for the second coming in Matthew 24:29). Ahmad's followers point out enormous meteor showers that occurred just before his birth in 1833, the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1835 (the year Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born) and the meteor showers that occurred just before his claim in 1885.

• Both appeared under a foreign, occupying government, Jesus within the eastern part of the Roman Empire and Ahmad within the eastern part of the British Empire.

• Ahmad appeared around the same time after Muhammad as Jesus appeared after Moses. A significant point as Muhammad is compared to Moses in Islamic Hagiography.

• One of the reasons of Jesus's rejection was that the Jews were expecting the physical return of Elijah himself with the coming of the Messiah. Jesus answered this idea of a literal, physical return by identifying John the Baptist as fulfilling the second coming of Elijah. Similarly to the Jews of Jesus' time, one of the main reasons of Ahmad's rejection was that Muslims were/are awaiting the physical descent of Jesus himself. Ahmad gave the same example as did Jesus by stating that the 'second coming' would be of a spiritual and metaphorical nature and comparison, not a literal fulfillment.

• The Jewish people believed their prophesied messiah will establish a physical Kingdom and will deliver Israel from Roman rule. The Muslims believe their Mahdi to be a physical ruler who together with Jesus will deliver the Muslims from the disbelievers.

• Jesus appeared to be contrary to the physical expectations of the prophesied Messiah within Judaism and in contrast preached a message of humility, love, forgiveness and charity according to Christian tradition. Ahmad also appeared to be contrary to the physical expectations of the prophesied Messiah and Mahdi within Islam, did not advocate armed Jihad and preached the message of humility, forgiveness, charity, and prayer according to Ahmadiyya tradition.

• Both were conspired against by their adversaries.

• Disciples of both had left them at some point because of a failure to understand their teachings.

• Both were accused of blasphemy by the current religious authorities.

• Both had to face trials within the courts, though their trials differ in some respects.

• Both were alleged to have died an 'accursed death'.

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's Legacy

One of the main source of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then, is Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of the terms “Nabi” (prophet) and “Rasool” (messenger) when referring to himself. Muslims consider the prophet Muhammad to be the last of the prophets and believe that Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of the concept of “finality of prophethood”. His followers fall into two camps in this regards, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community who believe in a literal interpretation of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood (with some qualifications), and is currently headed by Ahmad's fifth Caliph or successor carrying the title of Khalifatul Masih an institution believed to have been established soon after Ahmad's death. While the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement who believe in an allegorical interpretation of these two terms is administered by a body of people called the Anjuman Ishat-e-Islam (Movement for the propagation of Islam) headed by anEmir. This among other reasons caused a split in the movement soon after Ahmad's death.

Followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad are considered non-Muslims in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia and have faced relentless persecution of various types over the years. In 1974, the Pakistani parliament amended the Pakistani constitution to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslims for purposes of the constitution of the Islamic Republic. In 1984, a series of changes in the Pakistan Penal Code sections relating to blasphemy that, in essence, made it illegal for Ahmadis to preach their creed, leading to arrests and prosecutions. However, no one has been executed yet, even though it is allowed under the law.

In 2007 The Ahmadiyya were banned from practising their faith openly in the state of Belarus, and given a similar status to other banned religious groups in the country.[22]

Relative to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, some mainstream Muslim opinion towards the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has been more accepting, with the Lahore Ahmadiyya Literature finding greater acceptance among the Muslim Intelligentsia and some Orthodox Muslim scholars considering the members of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement as Muslims.

A number of modern Muslim scholars and Muslim intellectuals seem to conform to the idea of peaceful Jihad as a struggle for reform through civil means, in accordance with Mirza Ghulam Ahmed's standpoint on the issue. Furthermore, some Islamic scholars have opined that Jesus has died (Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's assertion) or expressed their own confusion on this matter, though the majority orthodox position of most Muslims with regard to this issue has not changed.

Criticism

Due to the nature of his claims and teachings, he had been a subject of criticism throughout his life and has been ever since his death.

Regarding Prophecies

Criticism on prophecies of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed can be seen in the article Prophecies of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.

Relationship with British

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's critics say that he and his associates went on publishing in favor of British control and even tried to convince Muslims in other Muslim countries that a British government would be in their favor. They give reference to one of his letter to Queen Victoria in which he said:

...For the sake of the British government, I have published fifty thousand books, magazines and posters and distributed them in this and other Islamic countries ... It is as the result of my endeavors that thousands of people have given up thoughts of Jihad which had been propounded by ill-witted mullahs and embedded in the minds of the people. I can rightly feel proud of this that no other Muslim in British India can equal me in this respect...

His followers reject this criticism and point out that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was constantly engaged in controversies with the British missionaries. Western historians have recorded this effort as one of the features of Ahmad's legacy . Francis Robinson states;

At their most extreme religious strategies for dealing with the Christian presence might involve attacking Christian revelation at its heart, as did the Punjabi Muslim, Ghulam Ahmad (d.1908), who founded the Ahmadiyya missionary sect.

His followers also say that Ahmad openly supported the British government in India, and therefore his critic's consideration of this being tantamount to "conspiring" with the British is baseless. They further argue that his open support for the British was on account of the religious freedom the British extended to the Muslims as opposed to the preceding Sikh rule in Punjab wherein Muslims were persecuted and their religious freedom curtailed It is further argued that the reason for Ahmad's expression of loyalty towards the British was due to him being repeatedly presented as a threat and danger to the government with rebellious intent by his opponents such as Maulvi Muhammad Hussein who warned the government in the following words:[23]

His deception is proved by the fact that in his heart he considers it lawful to put an end to the authority of a non-Muslim government and to plunder its belongings...Therefore, it would not be proper on the part of the Government to rely on him and it would be necessary to be aware of him, otherwise such harm might be suffered at the hands of this Mahdi of Qadian as was experienced at the hands of the Sudanese Mahdi. (Ishaatus Sunnah, Vol VI, 1893)

It is also pointed out by them that some prominent main stream Muslim leaders of the time had also openly expressed similar sentiments for the British rule for the same reasons. Such leaders included Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Maulvi Muhammad Hussain Batalvi, Deputy Nazir Ahmad, Leaders of the Deobandi school and members of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam Furthermore the famous founders of the Muslim League had also expressed similar sentiments of Loyalty to the British Government at around the same time as Mirza Ghulam Ahmad In summary the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad contend that his views towards the British Rulers at the time were similar to the views of numerous other well regarded Muslim Leaders of the same time

Termination of Jihad

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's critics allege that he had terminated Jihad, which is an important Islamic requirement, to appease the British. His followers, however, argue that he never terminated Jihad, in the broader sense of the word, but only forbade physical fighting for the sake of religion or against a government which gives freedom of religion. An official British government report of 1901 states:

"It is also interesting to notice that there is at the present time in Northern India a religious teacher of the name of Ghulam Ahmed who claims to be the Mahdi or Messiah expected by Muhammadans and Christians alike, and has obtained a considerable number of followers in the United Provinces, the Punjab and Sind. He "repudiates the doctrine of Jihád with the sword," and regards as absolutely unlawful wars undertaken for the propagation of religion."(REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 page 373) [24]

Ahmad wrote:

"Behold! I have come to you people with a directive that henceforth jihad with the sword has come to an end but jihad for the purification of your souls still remains. This injunction is not from me but rather it is the will of God." (British Government and Jihad pg.15)[25]

According to Ahmad this age did not require defending Islam by the sword but that the Jihad of this age was to be carried out by preaching and defending Islam by speech and by the pen. In another place he writes:

"The Jihad of this age is to strive in upholding the word of Islam, to refute the objections of the opponents, to propagate the excellences of the Islamic faith, and to proclaim the truth of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, throughout the world. This is Jihad till God Almighty brings about other conditions in the world."[26]

Psychology

His critics allege that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad suffered from various psychological problems suh as melancholia, Manic Depression, hysteria, amnesia (forgetfulness) etc. Which is not consistent with the Divine status he claimed.

His followers however do not subscribe to this view and argue that where such terms as melancholia, hysteria and amnesia may have been used they refer not to the generally accepted psychological conditions but rather to the general emotion of depression, restlessness, the sharpness of senses and very little concern with worldly matters often experienced by those who are appointed or ordained by God for the reformation and guidance of humanity due to the divine burden of responsibility given to them. It is however established that he suffered from Vertigo (Syncope) and diabetes, conditions his followers argue were in fulfillment of certain prophecies about the second coming of the Messiah. They also say that it is not unusual for Prophets to be subject to illness and thus his health does not negate his Divine office.

Revelations

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's critics accuse him of plagiarizing from the Quran, Hadith, Bible and other scriptures and presenting them as his own revelations often presenting Quranic passages along with or mixed with non-Quranic material which he claimed to have received as revelation.

His followers however argue that it is not unusual for God to reveal something which has been said or revealed before and that where he did receive revelation identical in part or full to previous scriptures or there is repetition of Quranic verses, they are most often in order to emphasise some aspects of the connotation of the verses and their applicability to a particular set of circumstances. It is argued that Ahmad never claimed to change, add, subtract from or replace those scriptures but rather presented them as his own revelations.

See also

• Seal of the Prophets
• List of founders of religious traditions
• Yuz Asaf
• Mohammadi Begum
• Messiah
• Mahdi
• Khalifatul Masih

External links

Ahmadiyya links

• Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
• Official Website of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam
• President of Ghana Addresses Ahmadiyya Muslim Caliphate Centenary Convention
• Mullah,s truth
• Urdu Article regarding death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
• Dawat-e-Lillah Articles - Ahmadiyya articles at eSnips both in Urdu and in English languages and as well as in Arabic

Critical Articles:

• Ahmadiyya Movement in, or against, Islam?
• How does Qadianism (Ahmadiyyat) differ from Islam
• The Purpose of Qadianism "Ahmadiyyat"
• A Sincere Advice to Believers in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani
• Who is True Imaam Mahdi? And Was Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani, the Prophet or the Promised Messiah or Imam Mahdi?

Books:

• Life of Ahmad, biography of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
• Islamic Books Library @ Alislam.org - Alislam.org
• [http://real-islam.org/reply/index.html www.real-islam.org
• islamic-book-depot.org.uk - Books on Islam for all faiths

Non-Ahmadiyya links

Comprehensive sites with critical works:

• [27] - Replies to miscellaneous allegations

In English and Urdu USA

• Confession of few facts by severe opponents of Ahmadis like Dr. Israr Ahmad. Positive remarks about Ahmadiyyat and Founder of Ahmadiyya Movement by Allama Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and bitter opponent of Ahmadiyyat Dr. Israr Ahmad.A video Clip from ARY Digital, A famous satellite TV channelhttp://real-islam.org/audio/ary1.rm)
• 100 books in Urdu and English)
• Qadianism, a Critical Study - Nadwatul Ulama, India

Articles critical of Ahmadiyya:

• [http://What makes one a “Muslim”? (Urdu With English sub-titles)

The act of Mullahs and their followers regarding declaring Ahmadis as “Non-Muslim” and “Non-Believer” is totally against the nature as well as the teachings of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (saw). Can the Mullahs and their followers deny it??? http://207.244.155.2:8090/video/misc/muslim.rm]

• Allama Iqbal on Ahmadism - ServantsofAllah.org
• [28] - Replies to false allegations against

Hazrat Masish Maud (as)

• [29] Mullah,s Truth Videoz
• Truth about Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
• Private Anti-Corruption in Ahmadiyyat