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[[Image:Terra Nova FPSOmodule.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Terra Nova (oil field)|Terra Nova]] FPSO]]
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{{Original research|date=June 2008}}


A '''Floating Production, Storage and Offloading''' vessel ('''FPSO'''; also called a "unit" and a "system") is a type of floating tank system used by the offshore [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[gas]] industry and designed to take all of the oil or gas produced from a nearby platform (s), process it, and store it until the oil or gas can be offloaded onto waiting [[Tanker (ship)|tankers]], or sent through a [[Pipe (material)|pipeline]].
'''Reason''' involves the ability to think, understand and draw [[conclusions]] in an [[abstract]] way, as seen in [[human]] thinking. The meaning of the word "reason" overlaps to a large extent with "[[rationality]]" and the adjective of reason in philosophical contexts is normally "[[rational]]", not "[[reasonable]]".


==History==
In action, reasoning involves a [[conscious]] attempt to discover what is [[truth|true]] and what is [[Ethic or philosophic good|best]]. Reasoning thought follows a chain of [[cause and effect]], and the word "reason" can be a synonym for "cause".
Oil has been produced from offshore locations since the 1950s. Originally, all [[oil platform]]s sat on the seabed, but as exploration moved to deeper waters and more distant locations in the 1970s, floating production systems came to be used.


The first oil FPSO was the Shell Castellon, built in Spain in 1977. The first ever conversion of a [[LNG]] carrier ([[Golar LNG]] owned Moss type LNG carrier) into an LNG floating storage and regasification unit was carried out in 2007 by [[Keppel]] shipyard in Singapore.<ref name=skips>
As one way of coming to conclusions, reason is often contrasted to [[emotion]], [[tradition]] and [[faith]] - the "[[Rationalism|rationalist]]" argument being that reason is the more reliable way to arrive at that truth.
{{cite news
| publisher=Skipsrevyen
| url= http://www.skipsrevyen.no/artikler/artikler-1-2006/798.html
| title= The world's first LNG Floating Storage and Regasification conversion
| accessdate=2008-08-02}}
</ref>


The last few years concepts for LNG FPSOs has also been launched. An LNG FPSO works under the same principles as an Oil FPSO, but it only produces natural gas, condensate and/or LPG, which is stored and offloaded.
The [[concept]] of reason is closely related to the concepts of [[language]] and [[logic]], as reflected in the multiple meanings of the Greek word "[[logos]]", the root of [[logic]], which translated into [[Latin]] became "ratio" and then in [[French language|French]] "raison", from which the English word "reason" was derived. In contrast to reason more generally, language refers not to the thinking as such, but to the [[communication]] or potential communication of rational thoughts.


==Working principles==
==Reason compared to logic, cause and effect thinking, and symbolic thinking==
In [[Modern Times (history)|modern times]], there is an increasing tendency to use the terms logic and reason interchangeably in philosophical discussion, or to see logic as the most pure or the defining form of reason.


Oil produced from offshore [[Oil platform|production platform]]s can be transported to the [[mainland]] either by pipeline or by tanker. When a tanker solution is chosen, it is necessary to accumulate oil in some form of tank such that an oil tanker is not continuously occupied while sufficient oil is produced to fill the tanker.
Reason and logic can be thought of as distinct, although logic is one important aspect of reason. Reason is a type of [[thought]]. [[Logic]], as the word is used in modern languages, is the attempt to make explicit the rules by which reason operates. The oldest surviving writing to explicitly and at length consider the rules by which reason operates are the works of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[philosopher]] [[Aristotle]], especially ''Prior Analysis'' and ''Posterior Analysis''.<ref>Aristotle, ''Complete Works'' (2 volumes), Princeton, 1995, ISBN 0691099502</ref> Although the Ancient Greeks had no separate word for logic as distinct from language and reason, Aristotle's [[neologism]] "[[syllogism]]" (syllogismos) identified logic clearly for the first time as a distinct field of study. When Aristotle referred to "the logical" (hê logikê), he was referring more broadly to rational thought.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?all_words=logiko/s&all_words_expand=yes&la=greek See this Perseus search, and compare English translations.] and see [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph.jsp?l=logikw%3Ds&la=greek&prior=le/getai&d=Perseus:text:1999.01.0049:book=1:section=1217b&i=1#lexicon LSJ dictionary entry for λογικός, section II.2.b.]</ref>


Often the solution is a decommissioned oil tanker which has been stripped down and equipped with facilities to be connected to a mooring buoy. Oil is accumulated in the FPSO until there is sufficient amount to fill a transport tanker, at which point the transport tanker connects to the stern of the floating storage unit and offloads the oil.
Author [[Douglas Hofstadter]], in ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]'', characterizes the distinction in this way. Logic is what is done "inside the system" by formal steps such as deduction. Reason is what is done "outside the system" by such informal methods as skipping steps, working backward, drawing diagrams, looking at examples, or seeing what happens if you change the rules of the system.<ref>Douglas Hofstadter, ''Gödel, Escher, Bach'', Vintage, 1979, ISBN 0394745027</ref>


An FPSO has the capability to carry out some form of [[Oil production plant|oil separation process]] obviating the need for such facilities to be located on an oil platform. Partial separation may still be done on the oil platform to increase the oil capacity of the pipeline(s) to the FPSO.
Another way to consider the confusion between logic and reason is that computers and animals sometimes perform actions which are apparently logical: from a complex set of data, conclusions are achieved which are "logical". Being a cause of something which humans find logical does not necessarily mean that computers or animals have reason, or even logic in the strict sense. Some animals are also clearly capable of a type of "[[Association (psychology)|associative thinking]]" - even to the extent of associating causes and effects<ref>See the [[Treatise of Human Nature]] of [[David Hume]], Book I, Part III, Sect. XVI</ref>. A dog once kicked, can learn how to recognize the warning signs and avoid being kicked in the future. Human reason is something much more specific, requiring not just the possibility of associating perceptions of smoke, for example, with memories of fire, but also the ability to create and manipulate a system of [[symbol|symbols]], or [[icon|icons]] in the terminology of [[Charles Peirce]], which have only a [[nominal]] connection to either smoke or fire<ref>Terrence Deacon, ''The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain'', W. W. Norton & Company, 1998, ISBN 0393317544</ref>.


[[Image:FPSO diagram.PNG|thumb|center|500px|FPSO diagram]]
[[Thomas Hobbes]] described the creation of “Markes, or Notes of remembrance” (''[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan]]'' Ch.4) as “speech” (allowing by his definition that it is not necessarily a means of communication or speech in the normal sense; he was clearly using "speech" as an English version of "[[logos]]" in this description<ref>[http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-a.html#CHAPTERIV Leviathan Chapter IV]: "The Greeks have but one word, logos, for both speech and reason; not that they thought there was no speech without reason, but no reasoning without speech"</ref>). In the context of a language, these marks or notes are called "[[Sign]]es" by Hobbes.


==Advantages==
== Reason, truth, and “first principles” ==
Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels are particularly effective in remote or deepwater locations where seabed pipelines are not cost effective. FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from the oil well to an onshore terminal. They can also be used economically in smaller oil fields which can be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of installing a fixed oil platform. Once the field is depleted, the FPSO can be moved to a new location. In areas of the world subject to cyclones (NW Australia) or icebergs (Canada), some FPSOs are able to release their mooring/riser turret and steam away to safety in an emergency. The turret sinks beneath the waves and can be reconnected later.


==Specific types==
Since [[classical antiquity|classical]] times a question has remained constant in philosophical debate (which is sometimes described or taught as a conflict between movements called [[Platonism]] and [[Aristotelianism]]) concerning the role of reason in confirming [[truth]].
A '''Floating Storage and Offloading unit''' (FSO) is a floating storage device, which is simplified FPSO without the possibility for oil or gas processing. Most FSOs are old single hull [[supertankers]] that have been converted. An example of this is the ''[[Knock Nevis]]'', the world's largest ship, which has been converted to an FSO to be used offshore [[Qatar]].


A '''LNG floating storage and regasification unit''' (FSRU) is a floating storage and regasification system, which receives [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) from offloading [[LNG carrier]]s, and the onboard regasification system provides natural gas send-out through flexible risers and pipeline to shore.
Both Aristotle and Plato, like many philosophers throughout history, did indeed write about this question, which can be explained as follows. On the one hand, people use logic, [[deduction]], and [[inductive reasoning|induction]], to reach conclusions they think are true. Conclusions reached in this way are considered more certain than sense perceptions on their own<ref>Example: Metaphysics 981b: τὴν ὀνομαζομένην σοφίαν περὶ τὰ πρῶτα αἴτια καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς ὑπολαμβάνουσι πάντες: ὥστε, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, ὁ μὲν ἔμπειρος τῶν ὁποιανοῦν ἐχόντων αἴσθησιν εἶναι δοκεῖ σοφώτερος, ὁ δὲ τεχνίτης τῶν ἐμπείρων, χειροτέχνου δὲ ἀρχιτέκτων, αἱ δὲ θεωρητικαὶ τῶν ποιητικῶν μᾶλλον. "...what is called Wisdom3 is concerned with the primary causes and principles, so that, as has been already stated, the man of experience is held to be wiser than the mere possessors of any power of sensation, the artist than the man of experience, the master craftsman than the artisan; and the speculative sciences to be more learned than the productive." </ref>. On the other hand, if such reasoned conclusions are only built upon sense perceptions, then, the argument being considered goes, our most logical conclusions can never be said to be certain because they are built upon the very same fallible perceptions they seek to better.<ref>Metaphysics 1009b ποῖα οὖν τούτων ἀληθῆ ἢ ψευδῆ, ἄδηλον: οὐθὲν γὰρ μᾶλλον τάδε ἢ τάδε ἀληθῆ, ἀλλ᾽ ὁμοίως. διὸ Δημόκριτός γέ φησιν ἤτοι οὐθὲν εἶναι ἀληθὲς ἢ ἡμῖν γ᾽ ἄδηλον. "Thus it is uncertain which of these impressions are true or false; for one kind is no more true than another, but equally so. And hence Democritus says1 that either there is no truth or we cannot discover it."</ref>


==Vessels==
This leads to the question of what types [[first principles]], or starting points of reasoning, are available for someone seeking to come to true conclusions. [[Empiricism]] (sometimes associated with Aristotle<ref>However, the empiricism of Aristotle must certainly be doubted. For example in Metaphysics 1009b, cited above, he criticizes people who think knowledge might not be possible because "they say that the impression given through sense-perception is necessarily true; for it is on these grounds that both Empedocles and Democritus and practically all the rest have become obsessed by such opinions as these".</ref> but more correctly associated with [[Great Britain|British]] philosophers such as [[John Locke]] and [[David Hume]], as well as their ancient equivalents such as [[Democritus]]) asserts that sensory impressions are the only available starting points for reasoning and attempting to attain truth. [[Idealism]], (associated with Plato and his school), claims that there is a "higher" reality, from which certain people can directly arrive at truth without needing to rely only upon the senses, and that this higher reality is therefore the primary source of truth.
===Records===
[[Image:20070616-EN-FPSO Firenze-016.JPG|thumb|250| [http://www.saipem.it/module.asp?sect=flotta&pag=FPSOfirenze FPSO Firenze] at Hellenic Shipyards, 2007]]
The world's largest FPSO is the ''[[Kizomba deepwater project|Kizomba A]]'', with a storage capacity of {{convert|2.2|Moilbbl|m3}}. Built at a cost of over [[United States dollar|US$]]800 million by [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]] in [[Ulsan]], [[Korea]], it is operated by [[Esso Exploration Angola]] ([[ExxonMobil]]). Located in 1200 meters (3,940 ft) of water at Deepwater block 200 [[statute mile]]s (320 km) offshore in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] from [[Angola]], [[West Africa]], it weighs 81,000 [[tonne]]s and is 285 meters long, 63 meters wide, and 32 meters high (935 ft by {{convert|207|ft|m|abbr=on}} by 105 ft).<ref>http://www.exxonmobileurope.com/Corporate/Newsroom/Publications/TheLamp_3_2005/story2.asp ''"Production grows in West Africa’s largest deepwater development"''] - The Lamp - Volume 86 Number 3 2004 - Exxon Mobil Corporation</ref>
The FPSO in the shallowest water depth of just 13 m is the Armada Perkasa in the Okoro field in Nigeria West Africa for Afren Energy. This spread moored (fixed orientation) vessel uses 100 mm, 160 mm and 200 mm bore DeepFlex non-steel flexible risers in lazy wave formation (with weights and distributed buoyancy) to accommodate the large motion offsets in an environment of extreme waves and currents.


===Current FPSOs===
In Greek, “[[first principles]]” are [[arche|arkhai]], starting points<ref>For example Aristotle ''Metaphysics'' 983a: ἐπεὶ δὲ φανερὸν ὅτι τῶν ἐξ '''ἀρχῆς''' αἰτίων δεῖ λαβεῖν '''ἐπιστήμην''' （τότε γὰρ εἰδέναι φαμὲν ἕκαστον, ὅταν τὴν '''πρώτην''' αἰτίαν οἰώμεθα '''γνωρίζειν'''） "It is clear that we must obtain knowledge of the '''primary''' causes, because it is when we think that we understand its '''primary''' cause that we claim to '''know''' each particular thing."</ref>, and the faculty used to perceive them is sometimes referred to in Aristotle<ref>Example: ''Nicomachean Ethics'' 1139b: ἀμφοτέρων δὴ τῶν '''νοητικῶν''' μορίων ἀλήθεια τὸ ἔργον. καθ᾽ ἃς οὖν μάλιστα ἕξεις ἀληθεύσει ἑκάτερον, αὗται ἀρεταὶ ἀμφοῖν. The attainment of truth is then the function of both the '''intellectual''' parts of the soul. Therefore their respective virtues are those dispositions which will best qualify them to attain truth.</ref> and Plato<ref>Example: Plat. Rep. 490b μιγεὶς τῷ ὄντι ὄντως, γεννήσας νοῦν καὶ ἀλήθειαν, γνοίη "consorting with reality really, he would beget intelligence and truth, attain to knowledge"</ref> as “[[nous]]” which was close in meaning to “awareness” or “[[consciousness]]”.<ref>"This quest for the beginnings proceeds through sense perception, reasoning, and what they call ''noesis'', which is literally translated by "understanding" or intellect," and which we can perhaps translate a little bit more cautiously by "awareness," an awareness of the mind's eye as distinguished from sensible awareness." "Progress or Return" in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss. (Expanded version of Political Philosophy: Six Essays by Leo Strauss, 1975.) Ed. Hilail Gilden. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989.</ref>
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! FPSO Vessel Name
! Oilfield
! Location
! Operator
! ISC
! Entered service
! Owner
|-
| ''Abo'' FPSO
| Abo
| [[Gulf of Guinea]], Nigeria
| [[Agip]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Prosafe]]
|-
|''Agbami'' FPSO
| Nigeria
| &nbsp;
| [[Star Deep Water Petroleum]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]
|-
| ''Anasuria'' FPSO
| Teal, Teal South, Guillemot A
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]
| [[Sigma3]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Anoa Natuna''
| Anoa Field, Natuna Sea
| Indonesia
| STAR Energy
| &nbsp;
| 1990
| STAR Energy,KN, Natuna Sea BV
|-
| ''Aoka Mizu''
| Ettrick
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Nexen]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Bluewater Group]]
|-
| ''Åsgard A''
| Åsgard
| [[North Sea]], Norway
| [[StatoilHydro]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Belanak''
| Belanak Field
| [[South Natuna Sea]], Indonesia
| [[ConocoPhillips]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Berge Helene''
| Chinguetti
| [[North Atlantic Ocean]], Mauretania
| [[Woodside Petroleum]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Bleo Holm''
| Ross, Blake, Parry
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Talisman Energy]]
| [[Wood Group]]
| March 1999
| [[Bluewater Group]]
|-
| ''Bonga'' FPSO
| Bonga
| [[Gulf of Guinea]], Nigeria
| [[Shell Nigeria|Shell]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Brasil'' FPSO
| Roncador
| Campo Basin, Brazil
| [[Petrobras]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''Capixaba'' FPSO
| Golfinho
| Esprito Santo Basin, Brazil
| [[Petrobras]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''Captain'' FPSO
| Captain
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Cidade de Vitoria'' FPSO
| Golfinho II
| [[Vitoria]], Brazil
| [[Petrobras]]
| &nbsp;
| 2006
| [[Saipem]]
|-
| ''Cossack Pioneer''
| Cossack, Wanaea
| [[Indian Ocean]], Australia
| [[Woodside Petroleum]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Dhirubhai 1''
| MA-D26
| [[Bay of Bangal]], India
| [[Reliance Industries Limited]]
| &nbsp;
| Sept. 2008
| AFP
|-
| ''Espadarte'' FPSO
| Espadarte
| Campos Basin, Brazil
| [[Petrobras]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''Espoir Ivorien''
| Espoir
| [[Gulf of Guinea]], Côte d'Ivoire
| [[CNR]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Prosafe]]
|-
| ''Falcon'' FPSO
| Yoho
| [[Gulf of Guinea]], Nigeria
| [[ExxonMobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''Farwah''
| Al-Jurf
| [[Mediterranean]], Libya
| [[Total]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Four Vanguard''
| Woollybutt
| [[Indian Ocean]], Australia
| [[ENI]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Gimboa'' FPSO
| Gimboa
| [[South Atlantic Ocean]], Angola
| [[Sonangol]]
| &nbsp;
| 2007
| [[Saipem]]
|-
| ''Girassol'' FPSO
| Girassol
| [[South Atlantic Ocean]], Angola
| [[Total]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Glas Dowr''
| Sable
| [[Indian Ocean]], South Africa
| PetroSA
| &nbsp;
| 2003
| [[Bluewater Group]]
|-
| ''Global Producer III''
| Dumbarton
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Maersk]]
| &nbsp;
| 2006
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Greater Plutonio'' FPSO
| Block 18
| [[South Atlantic Ocean]], Angola
| [[BP]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Griffin Venture'' FPSO
| Griffin, Chinook, Scindian
| [[Indian Ocean]], Australia
| [[BHP Billiton]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Gryphon'' FPSO
| Gryphon
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Maersk]]
| &nbsp;
| 1993
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Hæwene Brim'' FPSO
| Pierce
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]
| &nbsp;
| 1999
| [[Bluewater Group]]
|-
| ''Jotun A''
| Jotun
| [[North Sea]], Norway
| [[ExxonMobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Bluewater Group]]
|-
| ''Kizomba A''
| Hungo, Chocalho
| [[South Atlantic Ocean]], Angola
| [[ExxonMobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Kizomba B''
| Kissanje, Dikanza
| [[South Atlantic Ocean]], Angola
| [[ExxonMobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Kuito'' FPSO
| Cabinda, Angola
| [[Cabinda]], Angola
| [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''MacCulloch'' FPSO
| MacCulloch
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[ConocoPhillips]]
| &nbsp;
| April 1997
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Maersk Curlew''
| Curlew
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Marlim Sul'' FPSO
| Marlim Sul
| [[Campos Basin]], Brazil
| [[Petrobras]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''Mondo'' FPSO
| Luanda, Angola
| [[Block 15]], Angola
| [[ExxonMobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''Munin''
| Lufeng, Xijiang
| [[South China Sea]], China
| [[CNOOC]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Bluewater Group]]
|-
| ''Mystras'' FPSO
| Okono, Okpoho
| [[Gulf of Guinea]], Nigeria
| [[Agip]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Saipem]]
|-
| ''Nganhurra'' FPSO
| Enfield
| [[Indian Ocean]], Australia
| [[Woodside Petroleum]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Norne'' FPSO
| Norne
| [[North Sea]], Norway
| [[StatoilHydro]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Northern Endeavour''
| Laminaria
| [[Timor Sea]], Indonesia
| [[Woodside Petroleum]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''[[Petrojarl Banff FPSO|Petrojarl Banff]]''
| Banff
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Canadian Natural Resources|CNR]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Petrojarl Foinaven''
| Foinaven
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[BP]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Petrojarl I''
| Glitne
| [[North Sea]], Norway
| [[StatoilHydro]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Petrojarl Varg''
| Varg
| [[North Sea]], Norway
| [[Talisman Energy]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Pertroleo Nautipa'' FPSO
| Etame
| [[South Atlantic Ocean]], Gabon
| [[Vaalco Energy]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Fred Olsen Production]], [[Prosafe]]
|-
| ''Polvo'' FPSO
| Polvo
| [[South Atlantic Ocean]], [[Brazil]]
| [[Devon Energy]]
| &nbsp;
| 2007
| [[Prosafe]]
|-
| ''Rang Dong 1''
| Rang Dong
| [[South China Sea]], Vietnam
| JVPC,[[Nippon Oil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|-
| ''Ruby Princess'' FPSO
| Ruby
| [[South China Sea]], Vietnam
| [[Petrovietnam]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Prosafe]]
|-
| ''Saxi-Batuque'' FPSO
| Luanda, Angola
| [[Block 15]], Angola
| [[ExxonMobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''Schiehallion'' FPSO
| Schiehallion
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[BP]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Sea Eagle'' FPSO
| EA
| [[Gulf of Guinea]], Nigeria
| [[Shell Nigeria|Shell]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''[[SeaRose FPSO|SeaRose]]''
| [[White Rose (oil field)|White Rose]]
| Grand Banks of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], Canada
| [[Husky Energy]]
| &nbsp;
| 2005
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Seillean'' FPSO
| Golfinho
| Esprito Santo Basin, Brazil
| [[Petrobras]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Serpentina'' FPSO
| Zafiro
| [[Gulf of Guinea]], Equatorial Guinea
| [[Exxonmobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
| ''[[Terra Nova FPSO|Terra Nova]]''
| [[Terra Nova (oil field)|Terra Nova]]
| Grand Banks of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], Canada
| [[Petro-Canada]]
| &nbsp;
| 2002
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Triton''
| Bittern, Guillemot West, Guillemot Northwest
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Amerada Hess]]
| [[Wood Group]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| ''Uisge Gorm'' FPSO
| Fife, Fergus, Flora, Angus
| [[North Sea]], UK
| [[Amerada Hess]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[Bluewater Group]]
|-
| ''Xikomba'' FPSO
| Luanda, Angola
| [[Block 15]], Angola
| [[ExxonMobil]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[SBM Offshore]]
|-
|}


===Builders===
Among those who would argue that reason can not be based upon experience alone, at least two major strands might be discerned. On the one hand, philosophers such as [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[al-Farabi|Alfarabi]], [[Avicenna]], [[Averroes]], [[Maimonides]], [[Aquinas]] and [[Hegel]] are sometimes said to have argued that reason must be fixed and discoverable - perhaps by dialectic, analysis, or study. In the vision of these thinkers, reason is divine or at least has divine attributes. Such an approach allowed religious philosophers such as [[Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Étienne Gilson]] to try to show that reason and [[revelation]] are compatible.
*[[Acergy]] [http://www.acergy-group.com]

*[[Aker Kværner]]
On the other hand, since the [[Seventeenth Century]] [[Rationalism|rationalists]], reason has often been taken to be a [[subjective faculty]], or rather the unaided ability ([[pure reason]]) to form concepts. For [[Descartes]], [[Spinoza]] and [[Leibniz]], this was associated with [[mathematics]]. [[Kant]] attempted to show that pure reason could form concepts ([[time]] and [[space]]) that are the conditions of experience. Kant made his argument in opposition to Hume, who denied that reason had any role to play in experience.
*[[Bluewater Group|Bluewater]] [http://www.bluewater.com/company.asp][http://www.bluewater.com/products.asp?refID=254&ID=184&contentID=184]

*[[BW Offshore]] [http://www.bwoffshore.com]
== Reason, [[imagination]], [[mimesis]], and [[memory]] ==
*[[Chicago Bridge & Iron]] [http://www.cbi.com/services/fpso.aspx]

*[[Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering|Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME)]] [http://www.dsme.co.kr/en/]
Reason is then more than just what people can communicate. It is also necessary to discuss what it means to the human imagination. For imagination is not only found in humans. Aristotle, for example, stated that ''phantasia'' (imagination: that which can hold images or ''phantasmata'') and ''phronein'' (a type of thinking which can judge and understand in some sense) also exist in some animals<ref>''[[De Anima]]'' III.i-iii; ''[[On Memory and Recollection]]'', ''[[On Dreams]]''</ref>. Both are related to the primary perceptive ability of animals, which gathers the perceptions of different senses and defines the order of the things that are perceived without distinguishing universals, and without deliberation or ''logos''. This is equivalent to the habitual thinking about cause and effect discussed by Hume, and mentioned above. But this is not yet reason, because human imagination is different.
*[[Hyundai Heavy Industries]]

*[[Kellogg, Brown and Root|KBR]]
The recent modern writings of [[Terrence Deacon]] and [[Merlin Donald]] fit into an older tradition which makes reason connected to [[language]], and [[mimesis]], but more specifically the ability to create [[language]] as part of an internal modeling of [[reality]] specific to humankind. Other results are [[consciousness]], and [[imagination]] or [[fantasy]]. In more recent times, important areas of research include the relationship between reason and language, especially in discussions of [[origin of language]]. Modern proponents of [[A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)|a priori]] reasoning, at least with regards to language, include [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Steven Pinker]], to whom Donald and Deacon can be usefully contrasted.
*[[Keppel Shipyard]]

*[[Larsen & Toubro]]
If reason is symbolic thinking, this implies that humans have a special ability not to maintain a clear consciousness of the distinctness of "icons" or images and the real things they represent. Starting with a modern author, Merlin Donald writes<ref>Origins of the Modern Mind p.172</ref>…
*[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
<blockquote>
*[[Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding]] ([[Mitsui]]) [http://www.mes.co.jp/english/business/ship/ship_04.html]
A dog might perceive the “meaning” of a fight that was realistically play-acted by humans, but it could not reconstruct the message or distinguish the representation from its referent (a real fight). [...] Trained apes are able to make this distinction; young children make this distinction early – hence, their effortless distinction between play-acting an event and the event itself
*[[MODEC / SOFEC]]
</blockquote>
*[[Nexus Floating Production]] [http://www.nexusfp.no/]

*[[NORTECHS FPSO]] [http://www.nortechs.com.sg]
What Donald calls “reference” in his works, is very similar to an ancient Greek term, ''eikasia''. Jacob Klein’s ''A Commentary on the Meno'' is a commentary for a particularly difficult Plato dialog concerning learning, the ''Meno'' which contains a long digression on this difficult subject<ref>Ch.5</ref>. According to this, an important aspect of human thinking in the Ancient Greek philosophical terminology of Plato is ''eikasia''. This is the ability to perceive whether a perception is an image of something else, related somehow but not the same, and which therefore allows us to perceive that a dream or memory or a reflection in a mirror is not reality as such. What Klein refers to as ''dianoetic'' ''eikasia'' is the ''eikasia'' concerned specifically with thinking and mental images, such as those mental symbols, icons, "signes" and marks which are discussed above as definitive of reason.
*[[Oceaneering International Services]] [http://www.oceaneering.com/index.asp]

*[[Saipem]] [http://www.saipem.eni.it]
In turn, both Merlin Donald and the Socratic authors emphasize the importance of ''mimesis'', often translated as “imitation”. Donald writes<ref>Origins of the Modern Mind p.169</ref>
*[[SBM Offshore]][http://www.sbmoffshore.com]

*[[Samsung Heavy Industries]] ([[Samsung]]) [http://shi.samsung.co.kr/eng/product/04.asp]
<blockquote>
*[[Sevan Marine]] [http://www.sevanmarine.com]
Imitation is found especially in monkeys and apes [… but…] Mimesis is fundamentally different from imitation and mimicry in that it involves the invention of intentional representations. [...] Mimesis is not absolutely tied to external communication.
*[[Tanker Pacific]] [http://www.tanker.com.sg/]
</blockquote>
*[[Technip]] [http://www.technip.com]

*[[Vetco|Vetco Aibel]] [http://www.vetcoaibel.com]
''Mimêsis'' is a concept, now popular again in academic discussion, which was particularly prevalent in Plato’s works, and within Aristotle, it is discussed mainly in the ''Poetics''. In Michael Davis’s account of the theory of man in this work<ref>“Introduction” to the translation of ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'' by Davis and [[Seth Benardete]] p.xvii and p.xxviii</ref>.
*[[Kavin Engineering And Services Private Limited]] [http://www.kavinengg.com]

<blockquote>
It is the distinctive feature of human action, that whenever we choose what we do, we imagine an action for ourselves as though we were inspecting it from the outside. Intentions are nothing more than imagined actions, internalizings of the external. All action is therefore imitation of action; it is poetic [thus Davis is here using “poetic” in an unusual sense, questioning the contrast in Aristotle between action (''praxis'', the ''praktikê'') and making (''poêsis'', the ''poêtikê'')].
[...]
Human [peculiarly human] action is imitation of action because thinking is always rethinking. Aristotle can define human beings as at once rational animals, political animals, and imitative animals because in the end the three are the same.
</blockquote>

We can also note that Donald also shares with Plato and Aristotle (especially in ''[[On Memory|On Memory and Recollection]]''), an emphasis upon the peculiarity in humans of voluntary initiation of a search through one’s mental world. The ancient Greek ''anamnêsis'', normally translated as “recollection” was opposed to ''mneme'' or “memory”. Anamnêsisis a pre-condition of memory, but memory requires a consciousness not only of what happened in the past, but also ''that'' something happened in the past, which is in other words a kind of ''eikasia''<ref>Klein p.109</ref>. Donald calls the same thing “autocueing”, which he explains as follows<ref>''The Origins of the Modern Mind'' p.173 see also ''A Mind So Rare'' p.140-1</ref>.

<blockquote>
Mimetic acts are reproducible on the basis of internal, self-generated cues. This permits voluntary recall of mimetic representations, without the aid of external cues – probably the earliest form of representational “thinking”.
</blockquote>

In a celebrated paper on this subject of modern times, the fantasy author and philologist [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote in his essay "On Fairy Stories" that the terms “fantasy” and “enchantment” are connected to not only “the satisfaction of certain primordial human desires” but also “the origin of language and of the mind”. Tolkien did not think that children are particularly adept at creating these things in their highest forms.

== Reason and emotion or passion ==
In [[western literature]], reason is often opposed to [[emotions]] or [[feelings]]{{ndash}} desires, fears, hates, drives, or passions. Even in everyday speech, westerners tend to say for example that their passions made them behave contrary to reason, or that their reason kept the passions under control. Many writers, such as [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], extol passion and disparage reason.

It is also common, particularly since [[Freud]], to describe reason as the servant of the passions - the means of sorting out our desires and then getting what we want, or perhaps even the slave of the passions - allowing us to pretend to reason to the object of our desire. Such feigned reason is called "[[rationalization]]".

Philosophers such as [[Plato]], [[Rousseau]], [[David Hume|Hume]], and [[Nietzsche]] have combined both views - making rational thinking not only a tool of desires, but also something privileged within the spectrum of desires, being itself desired, and not only because of its usefulness in satisfying other desires.

Modern [[psychology]] has much to say on the role of [[emotions]] in belief formation. Deeper philosophical questions about the relation between belief and reality are studied in the field of [[epistemology]], which forms part of the philosophical basis of [[science]], a branch of human activity that specifically aims to determine (certain types of) [[truth]] by methods that avoid dependence on the emotions of the researchers.

==[[Faith and rationality|Reason and faith]], especially in the “Greater West”==

Though no theology or religion claims to be irrational, there is often a perceived conflict or tension between faith and tradition on the one hand, and reason on the other, as potentially competing sources of wisdom, law and truth. Defenders of traditions and faiths from claims that they are irrationalist for ignoring or even attempting to forbid reason and argument concerning some subjects, typically maintain that there is no real conflict with reason, because reason itself is not enough to explain such things as the origins of the universe, or right and wrong, and so reason can and should be complemented by other sources of knowledge. The counter claim to this is that such a defense does not logically explain why arguments from reason would be forbidden or ignored.

There are enormously wide differences between different faiths, or even schools within different faiths, concerning this matter.

Some commentators have claimed that [[Western civilization]] can be almost defined by its serious testing of the limits of tension between “unaided” reason and [[faith]] in "[[revelation|revealed]]" truths - figuratively summarized as [[Athens]] and [[Jerusalem]], respectively. [[Leo Strauss]] spoke of a "Greater [[Western world|West]]" which included all areas under the influence of the tension between Greek rationalism and [[Abrahamic]] revelation, including the [[Muslim]] lands. He was particularly influenced by the great [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosopher]] [[Farabi|Al-Farabi]]. In order to consider to what extent [[Eastern philosophy]] might have partaken of these important tensions, it is perhaps best to consider whether [[dharma]] or [[tao]] may be equivalent to [[Nature (philosophy)|Nature]] (by which we mean ''[[physis]]'' in Greek). According to Strauss<ref>"Progress or Return" in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss. (Expanded version of Political Philosophy: Six Essays by Leo Strauss, 1975.) Ed. Hilail Gilden. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989.</ref> the beginning of philosophy involved the "discovery or invention of nature" and the "pre-philosophical equivalent of nature" was supplied by "such notions as 'custom' or 'ways'" which appear to be "really universal" "in all times and places". The philosophical concept of nature or natures as a way of understanding ''arkhai'' (first principles of knowledge) brought about a peculiar tension between reasoning on the one hand, and tradition or faith on the other.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==See also==
==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.fpso.net/ | accessdate=2008-05-20 | title=FPSO World Fleet | date=2004 }}
{{Wiktionary|reason}}
*[http://www.ukooa.co.uk/issues/fpso/ Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Installations] at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
* [[Conscience]]
** [http://www.ukooa.co.uk/issues/fpso/faq.cfm FPSO's FAQ's] at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
* [[Consciousness]]
*[http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/offshore/fpso/fpso.html FPSOs at the U.S. Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service - Gulf of Mexico OCS Region]
* [[Deism]]
*FPSO pages at [http://www.offshore-technology.com/ Offshore-Technology]
* [[Empiricism]]
**[http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/kizomba/ ''Kizomba'']
* [[Epistemology]]
**[http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/glitne/ ''Petrojarl 1'']
* [[Fideism]]
**[http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/terra_nova/ ''Terra Nova'']
* [[Fantasy]]
**[http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/white_rose/ ''White Rose'']
* [[Foucault/Habermas debate]]
*FPSO pages at [http://www.ship-technology.com/ Ship-Technology]
* [[Inquiry]]
**[http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/anasuria/ ''Anasuria'']
* [[Logic]]
**[http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/bonga/ ''Bonga'']
* [[Language]]
**[http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/ramform/ ''Ramform Banff'']
* [[Mimesis]]
**[http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/searose/ ''Searose'']
* [[Mind]]
*[https://portal.mustangeng.com/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/MUSTANGENG/INDUSTRY_POSTERS_CONTENT/04FPSO.PDF 2004 worldwide survey of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Units] Mustang Engineering and BHP Billiton. ([[Adobe Acrobat]] *.PDF document)
* [[Nous]]
*[https://portal.mustangeng.com/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/MUSTANGENG/INDUSTRY_POSTERS_CONTENT/200708_OFFSHORE_SM.PDF 2007 worldwide survey of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Units] Mustang Engineering and BHP Billiton. ([[Adobe Acrobat]] *.PDF document)
* [[Practical reason]]
*[http://www.pbs.org/nbr/site/features/special/070126_deep_oil/ Deep Oil] a Nightly Business Report special, includes look at Discoverer Deep Seas (an FPSO)
* [[Rationality]]
* [[Reasoning]]
* [[Speculative reason]]


{{ModernMerchantShipTypes}}
{{portalpar|Logic}}
{{Age of Enlightenment}}
{{Logic|state=collapsed}}


[[Category:Epistemology]]
[[Category:Oil platforms]]
[[Category:Belief]]
[[Category:Petroleum production]]
[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Thought]]
[[Category:FPSO vessels| ]]
[[Category:Virtues]]
[[Category:Storage]]


[[fr:Unité flottante de production, de stockage et de déchargement]]
[[ar:عقل (فلسفة)]]
[[fr:Station de stockage et de déchargement flottante]]
[[bg:Разум]]
[[it:Floating storage and offloading unit]]
[[ca:Raó]]
[[cs:Rozum]]
[[nl:FPSO]]
[[nl:Floating Storage and Offloading]]
[[da:Ræsonnere]]
[[de:Vernunft]]
[[pl:FPSO]]
[[pt:Floating Production Storage and Offloading]]
[[et:Mõistus]]
[[el:Λογική]]
[[es:Razón (filosofía)]]
[[eo:Racio]]
[[fa:عقل]]
[[fr:Raison]]
[[ko:이성]]
[[ia:Ration]]
[[it:Ragione]]
[[lv:Prāts]]
[[nl:Rede]]
[[ja:理性]]
[[pl:Rozum]]
[[pt:Razão]]
[[qu:Humu]]
[[ru:Разум]]
[[simple:Reason]]
[[sq:Arsyeja]]
[[sr:Разум]]
[[fi:Järki]]
[[sv:Förnuft]]
[[vi:Lý tính]]
[[yi:סברה]]

Revision as of 16:09, 10 October 2008

File:Terra Nova FPSOmodule.jpg
Terra Nova FPSO

A Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO; also called a "unit" and a "system") is a type of floating tank system used by the offshore oil and gas industry and designed to take all of the oil or gas produced from a nearby platform (s), process it, and store it until the oil or gas can be offloaded onto waiting tankers, or sent through a pipeline.

History

Oil has been produced from offshore locations since the 1950s. Originally, all oil platforms sat on the seabed, but as exploration moved to deeper waters and more distant locations in the 1970s, floating production systems came to be used.

The first oil FPSO was the Shell Castellon, built in Spain in 1977. The first ever conversion of a LNG carrier (Golar LNG owned Moss type LNG carrier) into an LNG floating storage and regasification unit was carried out in 2007 by Keppel shipyard in Singapore.[1]

The last few years concepts for LNG FPSOs has also been launched. An LNG FPSO works under the same principles as an Oil FPSO, but it only produces natural gas, condensate and/or LPG, which is stored and offloaded.

Working principles

Oil produced from offshore production platforms can be transported to the mainland either by pipeline or by tanker. When a tanker solution is chosen, it is necessary to accumulate oil in some form of tank such that an oil tanker is not continuously occupied while sufficient oil is produced to fill the tanker.

Often the solution is a decommissioned oil tanker which has been stripped down and equipped with facilities to be connected to a mooring buoy. Oil is accumulated in the FPSO until there is sufficient amount to fill a transport tanker, at which point the transport tanker connects to the stern of the floating storage unit and offloads the oil.

An FPSO has the capability to carry out some form of oil separation process obviating the need for such facilities to be located on an oil platform. Partial separation may still be done on the oil platform to increase the oil capacity of the pipeline(s) to the FPSO.

FPSO diagram

Advantages

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels are particularly effective in remote or deepwater locations where seabed pipelines are not cost effective. FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from the oil well to an onshore terminal. They can also be used economically in smaller oil fields which can be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of installing a fixed oil platform. Once the field is depleted, the FPSO can be moved to a new location. In areas of the world subject to cyclones (NW Australia) or icebergs (Canada), some FPSOs are able to release their mooring/riser turret and steam away to safety in an emergency. The turret sinks beneath the waves and can be reconnected later.

Specific types

A Floating Storage and Offloading unit (FSO) is a floating storage device, which is simplified FPSO without the possibility for oil or gas processing. Most FSOs are old single hull supertankers that have been converted. An example of this is the Knock Nevis, the world's largest ship, which has been converted to an FSO to be used offshore Qatar.

A LNG floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) is a floating storage and regasification system, which receives liquefied natural gas (LNG) from offloading LNG carriers, and the onboard regasification system provides natural gas send-out through flexible risers and pipeline to shore.

Vessels

Records

FPSO Firenze at Hellenic Shipyards, 2007

The world's largest FPSO is the Kizomba A, with a storage capacity of 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m3). Built at a cost of over US$800 million by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan, Korea, it is operated by Esso Exploration Angola (ExxonMobil). Located in 1200 meters (3,940 ft) of water at Deepwater block 200 statute miles (320 km) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean from Angola, West Africa, it weighs 81,000 tonnes and is 285 meters long, 63 meters wide, and 32 meters high (935 ft by 207 ft (63 m) by 105 ft).[2] The FPSO in the shallowest water depth of just 13 m is the Armada Perkasa in the Okoro field in Nigeria West Africa for Afren Energy. This spread moored (fixed orientation) vessel uses 100 mm, 160 mm and 200 mm bore DeepFlex non-steel flexible risers in lazy wave formation (with weights and distributed buoyancy) to accommodate the large motion offsets in an environment of extreme waves and currents.

Current FPSOs

FPSO Vessel Name Oilfield Location Operator ISC Entered service Owner
Abo FPSO Abo Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Agip     Prosafe
Agbami FPSO Nigeria   Star Deep Water Petroleum     Chevron
Anasuria FPSO Teal, Teal South, Guillemot A North Sea, UK Shell Sigma3    
Anoa Natuna Anoa Field, Natuna Sea Indonesia STAR Energy   1990 STAR Energy,KN, Natuna Sea BV
Aoka Mizu Ettrick North Sea, UK Nexen     Bluewater Group
Åsgard A Åsgard North Sea, Norway StatoilHydro      
Belanak Belanak Field South Natuna Sea, Indonesia ConocoPhillips      
Berge Helene Chinguetti North Atlantic Ocean, Mauretania Woodside Petroleum      
Bleo Holm Ross, Blake, Parry North Sea, UK Talisman Energy Wood Group March 1999 Bluewater Group
Bonga FPSO Bonga Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Shell      
Brasil FPSO Roncador Campo Basin, Brazil Petrobras     SBM Offshore
Capixaba FPSO Golfinho Esprito Santo Basin, Brazil Petrobras     SBM Offshore
Captain FPSO Captain North Sea, UK Chevron      
Cidade de Vitoria FPSO Golfinho II Vitoria, Brazil Petrobras   2006 Saipem
Cossack Pioneer Cossack, Wanaea Indian Ocean, Australia Woodside Petroleum      
Dhirubhai 1 MA-D26 Bay of Bangal, India Reliance Industries Limited   Sept. 2008 AFP
Espadarte FPSO Espadarte Campos Basin, Brazil Petrobras     SBM Offshore
Espoir Ivorien Espoir Gulf of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire CNR     Prosafe
Falcon FPSO Yoho Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria ExxonMobil     SBM Offshore
Farwah Al-Jurf Mediterranean, Libya Total      
Four Vanguard Woollybutt Indian Ocean, Australia ENI      
Gimboa FPSO Gimboa South Atlantic Ocean, Angola Sonangol   2007 Saipem
Girassol FPSO Girassol South Atlantic Ocean, Angola Total      
Glas Dowr Sable Indian Ocean, South Africa PetroSA   2003 Bluewater Group
Global Producer III Dumbarton North Sea, UK Maersk   2006  
Greater Plutonio FPSO Block 18 South Atlantic Ocean, Angola BP      
Griffin Venture FPSO Griffin, Chinook, Scindian Indian Ocean, Australia BHP Billiton      
Gryphon FPSO Gryphon North Sea, UK Maersk   1993  
Hæwene Brim FPSO Pierce North Sea, UK Shell   1999 Bluewater Group
Jotun A Jotun North Sea, Norway ExxonMobil     Bluewater Group
Kizomba A Hungo, Chocalho South Atlantic Ocean, Angola ExxonMobil      
Kizomba B Kissanje, Dikanza South Atlantic Ocean, Angola ExxonMobil      
Kuito FPSO Cabinda, Angola Cabinda, Angola Chevron     SBM Offshore
MacCulloch FPSO MacCulloch North Sea, UK ConocoPhillips   April 1997  
Maersk Curlew Curlew North Sea, UK Shell      
Marlim Sul FPSO Marlim Sul Campos Basin, Brazil Petrobras     SBM Offshore
Mondo FPSO Luanda, Angola Block 15, Angola ExxonMobil     SBM Offshore
Munin Lufeng, Xijiang South China Sea, China CNOOC     Bluewater Group
Mystras FPSO Okono, Okpoho Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Agip     Saipem
Nganhurra FPSO Enfield Indian Ocean, Australia Woodside Petroleum      
Norne FPSO Norne North Sea, Norway StatoilHydro      
Northern Endeavour Laminaria Timor Sea, Indonesia Woodside Petroleum      
Petrojarl Banff Banff North Sea, UK CNR      
Petrojarl Foinaven Foinaven North Sea, UK BP      
Petrojarl I Glitne North Sea, Norway StatoilHydro      
Petrojarl Varg Varg North Sea, Norway Talisman Energy      
Pertroleo Nautipa FPSO Etame South Atlantic Ocean, Gabon Vaalco Energy     Fred Olsen Production, Prosafe
Polvo FPSO Polvo South Atlantic Ocean, Brazil Devon Energy   2007 Prosafe
Rang Dong 1 Rang Dong South China Sea, Vietnam JVPC,Nippon Oil     Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Ruby Princess FPSO Ruby South China Sea, Vietnam Petrovietnam     Prosafe
Saxi-Batuque FPSO Luanda, Angola Block 15, Angola ExxonMobil     SBM Offshore
Schiehallion FPSO Schiehallion North Sea, UK BP      
Sea Eagle FPSO EA Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Shell      
SeaRose White Rose Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada Husky Energy   2005  
Seillean FPSO Golfinho Esprito Santo Basin, Brazil Petrobras      
Serpentina FPSO Zafiro Gulf of Guinea, Equatorial Guinea Exxonmobil     SBM Offshore
Terra Nova Terra Nova Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada Petro-Canada   2002  
Triton Bittern, Guillemot West, Guillemot Northwest North Sea, UK Amerada Hess Wood Group    
Uisge Gorm FPSO Fife, Fergus, Flora, Angus North Sea, UK Amerada Hess     Bluewater Group
Xikomba FPSO Luanda, Angola Block 15, Angola ExxonMobil     SBM Offshore

Builders

References

  1. ^ "The world's first LNG Floating Storage and Regasification conversion". Skipsrevyen. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
  2. ^ http://www.exxonmobileurope.com/Corporate/Newsroom/Publications/TheLamp_3_2005/story2.asp "Production grows in West Africa’s largest deepwater development"] - The Lamp - Volume 86 Number 3 2004 - Exxon Mobil Corporation

External links

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