Mechanical engineering and WWE Night of Champions: Difference between pages
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'''Night of Champions''' is an annual [[professional wrestling]] [[pay-per-view]] (PPV) event produced by [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE). |
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{{Portal|Engineering}} |
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'''Mechanical Engineering''' is an [[engineering]] discipline that involves the application of [[physics#branches of physics|principles of physics]] for analysis, [[design]], [[manufacturing]], and maintenance of [[machine|mechanical systems]]. Mechanical engineering is one of broadest of engineering disciplines. |
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The event started as a pay-per-view under the name '''Vengeance''' in 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/|accessdate=2008-06-21|title=WWE Night of Champions website|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|date=2008-06-02|quote=Before WWE's June pay-per-view event was called Night of Champions, it was dubbed Vengeance. Take a look back at the many memorable moments.}}</ref> replacing [[WWE Armageddon|Armageddon]] for that year due to the insensitivity of the latter's name after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lordsofpain.net/news/articles/100283850990391.html |
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[[Image:Volkswagen W16.jpg|thumb|right|Mechanical engineers design and build [[engine]]s and [[power plant]]s...]] |
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|accessdate=2008-06-21|title=WWF Vengeance PPV|publisher=Lords of Pain|date=2001-10-01}}</ref> In 2002, Vengeance proceeded into the event taking over [[WWF Fully Loaded|Fully Loaded]]'s pay-per-view spot. The 2003 event was exclusive to the [[WWE Friday Night SmackDown|SmackDown!]] [[WWE Brand Extension|brand]], while from 2004 to 2006, the events were [[WWE Raw|Raw]] exclusive. In 2005, Vengeance was moved once again, this time switching positions with [[WWE The Great American Bash|The Great American Bash]]. |
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[[Image:Supertanker AbQaiq.jpg|thumb|right|[[:wikt:structure|...structures]] and [[vehicle]]s of all sizes...]] |
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The 2007 event was named [[Vengeance: Night of Champions]], as all [[World Wrestling Entertainment#Current champions|nine WWE championships]] were defended that night. In 2008, the event was renamed to Night of Champions, keeping the format of the 2007 event, in the process dropping the Vengeance name. |
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It requires a solid understanding of core concepts including [[mechanics]], [[kinematics]], [[thermodynamics]] and [[energy]]. Mechanical engineers use the core principles as well as other knowledge in the field to design and analyze motor vehicles, [[aircraft]], [[HVAC|heating and cooling systems]], [[watercraft]], [[manufacturing plants]], industrial equipment and machinery, [[robotics]], [[medical devices]] and more. |
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==Night of Champions dates and venues== |
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==Development== |
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__NOTOC__ |
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[[Image:Delta robot.png|thumb|right|...and moving [[mechanism]]s, [[machine]]s, and [[robot]]s.]] |
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{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |
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!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width="14%"|Event |
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!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width="8%"|Date |
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!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width="11%"|City |
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!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width="11%"|Venue |
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!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width="33%"|Main Event |
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|- |
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| [[Vengeance (2001)]] |
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| [[December 9]] [[2001]] |
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| [[San Diego, California]] |
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| [[San Diego Sports Arena]] |
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| {{small|[[Chris Jericho]] vs. [[Stone Cold Steve Austin|Steve Austin]] in a [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship|World]] vs. [[WWE Championship|WWF Championship]] [[Championship unification|unification match]] to determine the first [[WWE Championship|Undisputed WWF Champion]]}} |
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|- |
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| [[Vengeance (2002)]] |
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| [[July 21]] [[2002]] |
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| [[Detroit, Michigan]] |
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| [[Joe Louis Arena]] |
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| {{small|[[The Undertaker]] (c) vs. [[Dwayne Johnson|The Rock]] vs. [[Kurt Angle]] in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic non-elimination matches|Triple Threat match]] for the Undisputed WWE Championship}} |
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|- |
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| [[Vengeance (2003)|Vengeance (2003)]] |
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| [[July 27]] [[2003]] |
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| [[Denver, Colorado]] |
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| [[Pepsi Center]] |
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| {{small|[[Brock Lesnar]] (c) vs. Kurt Angle vs. [[Paul Wight|The Big Show]] in a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship}} |
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|- |
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| [[Vengeance (2004)]] |
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| [[July 11]] [[2004]] |
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| [[Hartford, Connecticut]] |
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| [[Hartford Civic Center]] |
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| {{small|[[Chris Benoit]] (c) vs. [[Triple H]] for the [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]]}} |
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|- |
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| [[Vengeance (2005)]] |
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| [[June 26]] [[2005]] |
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| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] |
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| [[Thomas & Mack Center]] |
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| {{small|[[Dave Bautista|Batista]] (c) vs. Triple H in a [[Hell in a Cell]] match for the World Heavyweight Championship}} |
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|- |
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| [[Vengeance (2006)]] |
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| [[June 25]] [[2006]] |
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| [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] |
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| [[Charlotte Bobcats Arena]] |
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| {{small|[[D-Generation X]] (Triple H and [[Shawn Michaels]]) vs. [[The Spirit Squad]] ([[Ken Doane|Kenny]], [[Johnny Jeter|Johnny]], [[Nick Mitchell|Mitch]], [[Nick Nemeth|Nicky]] and [[Michael Brendli|Mikey]]) in a 2-on-5 [[Professional wrestling match types#Handicap match|Handicap match]]}} |
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|- |
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| [[Vengeance: Night of Champions]] |
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| [[June 24]] [[2007]] |
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| [[Houston, Texas]] |
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| [[Toyota Center (Houston)|Toyota Center]] |
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| {{small|[[John Cena]] (c) vs. [[Mick Foley]] vs. [[Booker Huffman|King Booker]] vs. [[Randy Orton]] vs. [[Bobby Lashley]] for the WWE Championship}} |
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|- |
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| [[Night of Champions (2008)]] |
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| [[June 29]] [[2008]] |
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| [[Dallas, Texas]] |
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| [[American Airlines Center]] |
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| {{small|Triple H (c) vs. John Cena for the WWE Championship}} |
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|} |
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==See also== |
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Applications of mechanical engineering are found in the records of many ancient and medieval societies throughout the globe. In [[ancient Greece]], the works of [[Archimedes]] (287 BC–212 BC) and [[Heron of Alexandria]] (10–70 AD) deeply influenced mechanics in the Western tradition. In [[History of China#Han Dynasty|China]], [[Zhang Heng]] (78–139 AD) improved a [[water clock]] and invented a [[seismometer]], and [[Ma Jun]] (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with [[differential]] gears. The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer [[Su Song]] (1020–1101 AD) incorporated an [[escapement]] mechanism into his [[astronomical]] [[clock tower]] two centuries before any escapement could be found in clocks of medieval Europe, as well as the world's first known endless power-transmitting [[chain drive]].<ref>Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.</ref> <!-- More sources would be nice --> |
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*[[List of WWE pay-per-view events]] |
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==External links== |
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During the years from 7th to 15th century, the era called islamic golden age, there have been remarkable contributions from muslims in the field of mechanical technology, Al Jaziri, who was one of them wrote his famous "Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices" in 1206 presented many mechanical designs. He is also considered to be the inventor of such mechaincal devices which now form the very basic of mechanisms, such as crank and cam shafts. |
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{{Portal|Professional wrestling|break=yes}} |
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*[http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/ Night of Champions official website] |
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During the early 19th century in [[England]] and [[Scotland]], the development of machine tools led mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering, providing manufacturing machines and the engines to power them.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105842/engineering, accessed 06 May 2008</ref> The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847, thirty years after civil engineers formed the first such professional society.<ref>R. A. Buchanan. The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Feb., 1985), pp. 42–60</ref> In the [[United States]], the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871).<ref>[http://anniversary.asme.org/history.shtml ASME history], accessed 06 May 2008.</ref> The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were the [[United States Military Academy]] in 1817, an institution now known as [[Norwich University]] in 1819, and [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/en/engineer.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07, engineering], accessed 06 May 2008</ref> |
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*[http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/ Vengeance official website] |
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==Notes== |
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Field of mechanical engineering is normally considered broadest of all engineering desciplines. Work of mechanical engineering can be seen from the bottom of the oceans to the farthest boundaries of space which man has ever been able to reach. |
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== Education == |
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Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at universities worldwide. In China, India, and North America, mechanical engineering programs typically take four to five years and result in a [[Bachelor of Science]] (BSc), [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech), [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.Eng), or [[Bachelor of Applied Science]] (B.A.Sc.) degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither BSc nor BTech programs have been adopted, the formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. |
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In the U.S., most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are [[School accreditation|accredited]] by the [[Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology]] (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. The ABET web site lists 276 accredited mechanical engineering programs as of [[June 19]], [[2006]].<ref>[http://www.abet.org/accrediteac.asp ABET searchable database of accredited engineering programs], Accessed [[June 19]], [[2006]].</ref> Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB),<ref>[http://www.engineerscanada.ca/e/acc_programs_1.cfm Accredited engineering programs in Canada by the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers], Accessed ''[[April 18]], [[2007]]''</ref> and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies. |
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Some mechanical engineers go on to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a [[Master of Engineering]], [[Master of Science]], [[Master of Engineering Management]] (MEng.Mgt or MEM), a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in engineering (EngD, PhD) or an [[engineer's degree]]. The master's and engineer's degrees may or may not include [[research]]. The [[Doctor of Philosophy]] includes a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to [[academia]].<ref>[http://www-me.mit.edu/GradProgram/GradDegrees.htm Types of post-graduate degrees offered at MIT] - Accessed [[19 June]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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=== Coursework === |
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Standards set by each country's accreditation society are intended to provide for uniformity in fundamental subject material, promote competence among graduating engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in the U.S., for instance, are required by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas."<ref>[http://www.abet.org/Linked%20Documents-UPDATE/Criteria%20and%20PP/E001%2008-09%20EAC%20Criteria%2011-30-07.pdf 2008-2009 ABET Criteria], p.15.</ref><!-- It'd help to have a more general source here to cover non-US universities --> The specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities will often combine multiple subjects into a single class or split a subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and the university's major area(s) of research. Fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include: |
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*[[statics]] and [[dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]] |
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*[[strength of materials]] and [[solid mechanics]] |
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*[[instrumentation]] and [[measurement]] |
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*[[thermodynamics]], [[heat transfer]], [[energy conversion]], and [[HVAC]] |
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*[[fluid mechanics]] and [[fluid dynamics]] |
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*[[mechanism]] design (including [[kinematics]] and [[dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]]) |
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*manufacturing technology or processes |
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*[[hydraulics]] and [[pneumatics]] |
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*engineering [[design]] |
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*[[mechatronics]] and [[control theory]] |
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*[[Engineering drawing|drafting]], [[CAD]] (usually including [[solid modeling]]), and [[computer-aided manufacturing|CAM]]<ref>University of Tulsa Required ME Courses - http://www.me.utulsa.edu/Undergraduate.html - Accessed ''19 June 2006''</ref><ref>[http://www.deas.harvard.edu/undergradstudy/engineeringsciences/mechanical/index.html Harvard Mechanical Engineering Page] - Accessed ''19 June 2006''</ref> |
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Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply basic concepts from chemistry, [[chemical engineering]], [[electrical engineering]], [[civil engineering]], and physics. Most mechanical engineering programs include several semesters of [[calculus]], as well as advanced mathematical concepts which may include [[differential equations]] and [[partial differential equations]], [[linear algebra|linear]] and [[modern algebra]], and [[differential geometry]], among others. |
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In addition to the core mechanical engineering curriculum, many mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs and classes, such as [[robotics]], [[transport]] and [[logistics]], [[cryogenics]], [[fuel]] technology, [[automotive engineering]], [[biomechanics]], [[oscillation|vibration]], [[optics]] and others, if a separate department does not exist for these subjects.<ref>[http://student.mit.edu/catalog/m2a.html Mechanical Engineering courses], MIT. Accessed [[14 June]] [[2008]].</ref> |
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Most mechanical engineering programs also require varying amounts of research or community projects to gain practical problem-solving experience. Mechanical engineering students usually hold one or more [[internship]]s while studying, though this is not typically mandated by the university. |
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===License=== |
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Engineers may seek [[licensing|license]] by a state, provincial, or national government. The purpose of this process is to ensure that engineers possess the necessary technical knowledge, real-world experience, and knowledge of the local legal system to practice engineering at a professional level. Once certified, the engineer is given the title of ''Professional Engineer'' (in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea and South Africa), ''Chartered Engineer'' (in the UK, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), ''Chartered Professional Engineer'' (in Australia and New Zealand) or ''European Engineer'' (much of the European Union). Not all mechanical engineers choose to become licensed; those that do can be distinguished as Chartered or Professional Engineers by the [[post-nominal letters|post-nominal title]] P.E., P. Eng., or C.Eng., as in: Ryan Jones, P.Eng. |
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In the U.S., to become a licensed Professional Engineer, an engineer must pass the comprehensive FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam, work a given number of years as an ''Engineering Intern (EI)'' or ''Engineer-in-Training (EIT)'', and finally pass the "Principles and Practice" or PE (Practicing Engineer or Professional Engineer) exam. |
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In the United States, the requirements and steps of this process are set forth by the [[National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying]] (NCEES), a national non-profit representing all states. In the UK, current graduates require a [[MSc]], [[MEng]] or [[BEng]] (Hons) in order to become chartered through the [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]. |
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In most modern countries, certain engineering tasks, such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, and chemical plants, must be approved by a [[Professional Engineer]] or a [[Chartered Engineer]]. "Only a licensed engineer, for instance, may prepare, sign, seal and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or to seal engineering work for public and private clients."<ref>{{cite web | title = Why Get Licensed? | work = National Society of Professional Engineers | url = http://www.nspe.org/Licensure/WhyGetLicensed/index.html | accessdate = May 06 | accessyear = 2008 }}</ref> This requirement can be written into state and provincial legislation, such as Quebec's Engineer Act.<ref>{{cite web | title = Engineers Act | work = Quebec Statutes and Regulations (CanLII) | url = http://www.canlii.org/qc/laws/sta/i-9/20050616/whole.html | accessdate = July 24 | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> In other countries, such as Australia, no such legislation exists; however, practically all certifying bodies maintain a [[code of ethics]] independent of legislation that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion.<ref>{{cite web | title = Codes of Ethics and Conduct | work = Online Ethics Center | url = http://onlineethics.org/codes/ | accessdate = July 24 | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> |
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{{see|FE Exam|Professional Engineer|Chartered Engineer|Incorporated Engineer|Washington Accord}} |
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==Salaries and workforce statistics== |
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The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2004 was roughly 1.4 million. Of these, 226,000 were mechanical engineers (15.6%), second only to civil engineers in size at 237,000 (16.4%). The total number of mechanical engineering jobs in 2004 was projected to grow 9% to 17%, with average starting salaries being $50,236 with a bachelor's degree, $59,880 with a master's degree, and $68,299 with a doctorate degree. This places mechanical engineering at 8th of 14 among engineering bachelors degrees, 4th of 11 among masters degrees, and 6th of 7 among doctorate degrees in average annual salary.<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Engineering - http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm#earnings - Accessed ''19 June 2006''</ref> The median annual income of mechanical engineers in the U.S. workforce is roughly $63,000. This number is highest when working for the government ($72,500), and lowest when doing general purpose machinery manufacturing in the private sector ($55,850).<ref>http://www.worldwidelearn.com/online-education-guide/engineering/mechanical-engineering-major.htm - Website cites NACE and Dept. of Labor as sources, but was unable to verify. Accessed ''19 June 2006''</ref> |
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Canadian engineers make an average of $29.83 per hour with 4% unemployed. The average for all occupations is $18.07 per hour with 7% unemployed. Twelve percent of these engineers are self-employed, and since 1997 the proportion of female engineers has risen to 6%.<ref>[http://www.jobfutures.ca/noc/2132p4.shtml Mechanical Engineers on jobfutures.ca] - Accessed ''[[June 30]], [[2007]]''</ref> |
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==Modern tools== |
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Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate [[computer-aided engineering]] (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and [[Solid modeling|3D]] [[computer-aided design]] (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products, the ability to create virtual assemblies of parts, and the ease of use in designing mating interfaces and tolerances. |
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Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include [[product lifecycle management]] (PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations. Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools include [[finite element analysis]] (FEA), [[computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD), and [[computer-aided manufacturing]] (CAM). |
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Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. No physical prototype need be created until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of a relative few. In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or [[Non-Newtonian fluid|non-Newtonian flows]] |
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As mechanical engineering begins to merge with other disciplines, as seen in [[mechatronics]], [[multidisciplinary design optimization]] (MDO) is being used with other CAE programs to automate and improve the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE processes, allowing product evaluation to continue even after the analyst goes home for the day. They also utilize sophisticated optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore possible designs, often finding better, innovative solutions to difficult multidisciplinary design problems. |
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==Subdisciplines== |
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The field of mechanical engineering can be thought of as a collection of many mechanical disciplines. Several of these subdisciplines which are typically taught at the undergraduate level are listed below, with a brief explanation and the most common application of each. Some of these subdisciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a combination of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most work that a mechanical engineer does uses skills and techniques from several of these subdisciplines, as well as specialized subdisciplines. Specialized subdisciplines, as used in this article, are more likely to be the subject of graduate studies or on-the-job training than undergraduate research. Several specialized subdisciplines are discussed at the end of this section. |
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=== Mechanics === |
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{{Main|Mechanics}} |
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{{Wikibooks|Solid Mechanics}} |
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[[Image:Mohrs circle.png|thumb|right|[[Mohr's circle]], a common tool to study [[Stress (physics)|stresses]] in a [[mechanical element]]]] |
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Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of [[force]]s and their effect upon [[matter]]. Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both [[Elastic Deformation|elastic]] and [[Plastic Deformation|plastic]]) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or [[Stress (physics)|stresses]]. Subdisciplines of mechanics include |
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*[[Statics]], the study of non-moving bodies under known loads |
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*[[dynamics (mechanics)|Dynamics]] (or kinetics), the study of how forces affect moving bodies |
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*[[Mechanics of materials]], the study of how different [[materials]] deform under various types of stress |
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*[[Fluid mechanics]], the study of how fluids react to forces<ref>Note: fluid mechanics can be further split into fluid statics and fluid dynamics, and is itself a subdiscipline of continuum mechanics. The application of fluid mechanics in engineering is called [[hydraulics]] and [[pneumatics]].</ref> |
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*[[Continuum mechanics]], a method of applying mechanics that assumes that objects are continuous (rather than [[wikt:discrete|discrete]]) |
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Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or analysis phases of engineering. If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle, statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in the [[piston]]s and [[cam]]s as the engine cycles. Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate materials for the frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle (see [[HVAC]]), or to design the [[intake]] system for the engine. |
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=== Kinematics === |
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{{Main|Kinematics}} |
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Kinematics is the study of the motion of bodies (objects) and systems (groups of objects), while ignoring the forces that cause the motion. The movement of a crane and the oscillations of a piston in an engine are both simple kinematic systems. The crane is a type of open kinematic chain, while the piston is part of a closed [[four bar linkage]]. |
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Mechanical engineers typically use kinematics in the design and analysis of [[mechanisms]]. Kinematics can be used to find the possible range of motion for a given mechanism, or, working in reverse, can be used to design a mechanism that has a desired range of motion. |
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=== Mechatronics and robotics === |
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{{Main|Mechatronics|Robotics}} |
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Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, [[electrical engineering]] and [[software engineering]] that is concerned with integrating electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid systems. In this way, machines can be automated through the use of [[electric motor]]s, [[servomechanism|servo-mechanisms]], and other electrical systems in conjunction with special software. A common example of a mechatronics system is a CD-ROM drive. Mechanical systems open and close the drive, spin the CD and move the laser, while an optical system reads the data on the CD and converts it to [[bit]]s. Integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of the CD to the computer. |
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[[Image:Robots in car production-line.jpg|thumb|Industrial robots perform repetitive tasks, such as assembling [[automobile|vehicles]].]] |
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Robotics is the application of mechatronics to create robots, which are often used in industry to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive. These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world. To create a robot, an engineer typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine the [[Stress (physics)|stresses]] within the robot). |
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Robots are used extensively in [[industrial engineering]]. They allow businesses to save money on labor, perform tasks that are either too dangerous or too precise for humans to perform them economically, and to insure better quality. Many companies employ [[assembly lines]] of robots, and some factories are so robotized that they can run [[Lights out (manufacturing)|by themselves]]. Outside the factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, [[space exploration]], and many other fields. Robots are also sold for various residential applications. |
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=== Structural analysis === |
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{{Main|Structural analysis|Failure analysis}} |
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Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail. Structural failures occur in two general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. ''Static structural failure'' occurs when, upon being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed [[plastic deformation|plastically]], depending on the criterion for failure. ''Fatigue failure'' occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object: a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to cause [[ultimate failure]]. |
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Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is defined as when a part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such as the perforated top sections of some plastic bags, are designed to break. If these systems do not break, failure analysis might be employed to determine the cause. |
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Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after a failure has occurred, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers often use online documents and books such as those published by ASM<ref>[http://asmcommunity.asminternational.org/portal/site/asm/ [[ASM International (society)|ASM International]]'s site containing more than 20,000 searchable documents, including articles from the ''ASM Handbook'' series and ''Advanced Materials & Processes'']</ref> to aid them in determining the type of failure and possible causes. |
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Structural analysis may be used in the office when designing parts, in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts might undergo controlled failure tests. |
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=== Thermodynamics and thermo-science=== |
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{{wikibooks|Thermodynamics}} |
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{{Main|Thermodynamics}} |
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[[Thermodynamics]] is an applied science used in several branches of engineering, including mechanical and [[chemical engineering]]. At its simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a [[physical system|system]]. Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned with changing energy from one form to another. As an example, automotive engines convert chemical energy ([[enthalpy]]) from the fuel into heat, and then into mechanical work that eventually turns the wheels. |
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Thermodynamics principles are used by mechanical engineers in the fields of [[heat transfer]], [[thermofluids]], and [[energy conversion]]. Mechanical engineers use thermo-science to design [[engine]]s and [[power plant]]s, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning ([[HVAC]]) systems, [[heat exchanger]]s, [[heat sink]]s, [[radiator]]s, [[refrigeration]], [[Thermal insulation|insulation]], and others. |
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=== Drafting === |
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{{main|Technical drawing|CNC}} |
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[[Image:Mech 2 3D.png|thumb|right|A CAD model of a [[mechanical seal|mechanical double seal]]]] |
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[[Technical drawing|Drafting]] or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers create instructions for [[manufacture|manufacturing]] parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but [[CAD|computer-aided design]] (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions. |
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Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a [[CAM|computer-aided manufacturing]] (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture a part using the technical drawings, but this is becoming an increasing rarity, with the advent of [[CNC|computer numerically controlled]] (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers primarily manually manufacture parts in the areas of applied [[thermal spray|spray coatings]], finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine. |
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Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in [[finite element analysis]] (FEA) and [[computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD). |
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==Frontiers of research== |
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Mechanical engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is physically possible in order to produce safer, cheaper, and more efficient machines and mechanical systems. Some technologies at the cutting edge of mechanical engineering are listed below (see also [[exploratory engineering]]). |
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===Composites=== |
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[[Image:Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg|thumb|Composite cloth consisting of woven carbon fiber.]] |
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{{Main|Composite material}} |
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Composites or composite materials are a combination of materials which provide different physical characteristics than either material separately. Composite material research within mechanical engineering typically focuses on designing (and, subsequently, finding applications for) stronger or more rigid materials while attempting to reduce weight, susceptibility to corrosion, and other undesirable factors. Carbon fiber reinforced composites, for instance, have been used in such diverse applications as spacecraft and fishing rods. |
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===Mechatronics=== |
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{{Main|Mechatronics}} |
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Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. The purpose of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of automata from an engineering perspective and serves the purposes of controlling advanced hybrid systems. |
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===Nanotechnology=== |
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{{Main|Nanotechnology}} |
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At the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology and [[molecular engineering]]—one speculative goal of which is to create a [[molecular assembler]] to build molecules and materials via [[mechanosynthesis]]. For now this goal remains within [[exploratory engineering]]. |
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''''''Bold text'''===Finite Element Analysis=== |
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{{Main|Finite Element Analysis}} |
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This field is not infant, actually the basis of Finite Element Analysis(FEA) which is Finite Element Method(FEM) dates back to 1941, but evolution of computers has brought a revolution in the extent to which FEM can be used for analysis of structural problems. Many commercial codes such as ANSYS, MSC MARC MENTAT and ABAQAS are widely used in industry for research and design of components. |
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Other techniques such as Finite Difference Method(FDM) and Finite Volume Method(FVM) are employed to solve problems relating heat and mass transfer, fluid flows, fluid surface interaction etc.''' |
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== See also == |
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{{WVD}} |
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* [[Building officials]] |
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* [[List of mechanical engineering topics]] |
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* [[List of engineering journals and magazines#Mechanical engineering|Related journals]] |
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* [[Mechanical engineering technology]] |
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* [[Fields of engineering]] |
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* [[Simple machine]] |
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* [[List of mechanical engineers]] |
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* [[List of inventors]] |
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* [[Patent]] |
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=== Associations === |
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* [[SAE]] (Society of Automotive Engineers) |
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<!-- * [[ADDA International]] (American Design Drafting Association) --> |
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* [[ASHRAE]] (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) |
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* [[ASME]] (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) |
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* [[Pi Tau Sigma]] (Mechanical Engineering Honor Society) |
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* [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers|ImechE]] (Institution of Mechanical Engineers) (British) |
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=== Wikibooks === |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[wikibooks:Aeronautical Engineering|Aeronautical Engineering]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Applied mechanics|Applied mechanics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Astronautical Engineering|Astronautical Engineering]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Automotive Engineering|Automotive Engineering]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Elasticity|Elasticity]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Engineering Mechanics|Engineering Mechanics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Solid Mechanics|Solid Mechanics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Engineering Thermodynamics|Engineering Thermodynamics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Fluid Mechanics|Fluid Mechanics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Mechanical Engineering textbook pages|Mechanical Engineering textbook pages]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[wikibooks:Engineering Acoustics|Engineering Acoustics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Engineering Mechanics|Engineering Mechanics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Engineering Thermodynamics|Engineering Thermodynamics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Fluid Mechanics|Fluid Mechanics]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Heat Transfer|Heat Transfer]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Introduction to elasticity|Introduction to elasticity]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Microtechnology|Microtechnology]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Nanotechnology|Nanotechnology]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Pro Engineer|Pro Engineer]] |
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* [[wikibooks:Strength of Materials|Strength of Materials]] |
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{{col-end}} |
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==Notes and References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{WWEPPV|Night of Champions}} |
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[[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-views|Vengeance]] |
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==Further reading== |
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[[Category:Night of Champions|*]] |
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*{{cite book |
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|last = Burstall |
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|first = Aubrey F. |
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|year = 1965 |
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|title = A History of Mechanical Engineering |
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|publisher = The MIT Press |
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|id = ISBN 0-262-52001-X |
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}} |
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{{Technology}} |
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{{Academic degrees}} |
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[[Category:Mechanical engineering| ]] |
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[[Category:Engineering]] |
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[[es:WWE Night of Champions]] |
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[[fr:WWE Night Of Champions]] |
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[[ja:WWEナイト・オブ・チャンピオンズ]] |
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[[es:Ingeniería mecánica]] |
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[[fa:مهندسی مکانیک]] |
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[[fr:Génie mécanique]] |
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[[pt:Engenharia mecânica]] |
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[[ru:Машиностроение]] |
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Revision as of 06:27, 11 October 2008
Night of Champions is an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
The event started as a pay-per-view under the name Vengeance in 2001,[1] replacing Armageddon for that year due to the insensitivity of the latter's name after the September 11, 2001 attacks.[2] In 2002, Vengeance proceeded into the event taking over Fully Loaded's pay-per-view spot. The 2003 event was exclusive to the SmackDown! brand, while from 2004 to 2006, the events were Raw exclusive. In 2005, Vengeance was moved once again, this time switching positions with The Great American Bash.
The 2007 event was named Vengeance: Night of Champions, as all nine WWE championships were defended that night. In 2008, the event was renamed to Night of Champions, keeping the format of the 2007 event, in the process dropping the Vengeance name.
Night of Champions dates and venues
See also
External links
Notes
- ^ "WWE Night of Champions website". World Wrestling Entertainment. 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
Before WWE's June pay-per-view event was called Night of Champions, it was dubbed Vengeance. Take a look back at the many memorable moments.
- ^ "WWF Vengeance PPV". Lords of Pain. 2001-10-01. Retrieved 2008-06-21.