Santa (god)

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Šanta ( cuneiform Luwian : d Ša-an-ta-, Sumerographic also d AMAR.UD; hieroglyphic Luwian : (DEUS) sà-ta; Lydian Śãntaś, and possibly Lycian Ḫãta) was a Luwian god.

Adoration

The worship of God is evidenced by theophoric names, such as Šanta as the ancient Ethite commander, or Sanduarri , a ruler of Issus in the early 7th century BC. As a woman's name is Hittite Santa-wiya "woman of the god Santa". Götze mentions other theophic names. Furthermore, the late Luwian Santa is invoked in some formulas of curse. “ Karhuhas , Kupapas and Santas [are said to be angry with him]” demands a Luwian inscription on the fragment of a stone bowl.

history

Šanta appears in theophoric personal names already in texts from the Karum Kaneš (before 1720 BC). The first evidence of the god from the Hittite area comes from the vassal contract between Šuppiluliuma I. and Ḫuqqana of Hayaša . In the curse formula, besides Šanta, the Innarawanteš gods (Luwisch Annarumenzi ) are invoked.

function

Furlani wanted to see the main god of the Luwian pantheon in Santa and equated him with the weather god and with the Hurrian Teššup . The spelling of Šanta as “bull calf of the sun”, d AMAR.UD, the sumerogram for Marduk, could indicate an equation of the two.

In the ritual text of the Zarpiya of Kizzuwatna against the plague he is called king. Here, too, the "bloody" Annarumenzi appear, wearing the belts of the mountain dwellers and holding taut arches. Šanta is more often found in the company of a god named with the Sumerogram d Zababa , probably the Luwian god Iyarri , a god of wars and epidemics. Both Šanta and Iyarri carry bows and arrows with them. You can find yourself in the society of the Marwainzi gods, the "dark ones". In a state treaty of Šuppiluliumas I, Šanta is listed directly after the gods of war and before the underworld deities Allatu ( Lelwani ) and the sun goddess of the earth , which can be seen as an indication that both warlike and underworld aspects are united in Šanta. Šanta took a prominent place in the worship of the great seas and the mysterious tarmana sea ​​in a ritual from the 13th century BC. A. In local cults, the source goddess Iyaya was considered to be Šanta's companion.

An Iron Age grave inscription from Tabal reports that the unnamed buried person died in bed by Santa, eating and drinking, which is perhaps an indication of his position as god of the dead. In another hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from the first millennium BC A certain Panuni calls Santa and the Marwainzi to protect his grave stele.

In Assyrian times, Sanda was the city god of Tarsus .

Afterlife

The cult of Sandan lived on in ancient Cilicia and was syncretized with the Greek Herakles .

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ritual of Zarpija of Kizzuwatna line 84; Benjamin Schwartz, The Hittite and Luwian Ritual of Zarpiya of Kezzuwatna. Journal of the American Oriental Society 58/2, 1938, 334-353
  2. ↑ KULULU2, A1-B2, after JD Hawkins, The Hieroglyphic Luwian Word “to die”. Journal for Comparative Linguistic Research 94, 1/2 1980, 113
  3. ↑ Maciej Popko : Völker und Sprachen des Alten Anatoliens , http://www.sorbzilla.de/aorient/voelkersprachenanatol.pdf , p. 58
  4. ^ JD Bing, Alexander's Sacrifice dis praesidibus loci before the Battle of Issus. Journal of Hellenic Studies 111, 1991, 150
  5. ↑ Maciej Popko, Völker und Sprachen des Alten Anatoliens, http://www.sorbzilla.de/aorient/voelkersprachenanatol.pdf , p. 15
  6. ^ Albrecht Goetze, The Linguistic Continuity of Anatolia as shown by its Proper Names. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8/2, 1954, 53
  7. ↑ JD Hawkins, Kubaba at Karkamiš and elsewhere. Anatolian Studies 31, 1981, 174; Inscription 31b
  8. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Wiesbaden 2009, p. 26 f.
  9. ↑ a b Volkert Haas: History of the Hittite Religion, Brill academic pub., ISBN 978-9004097995 , p. 408 Online
  10. ↑ KUB 9.31 Vs I, II
  11. ^ G. Furlani, La Religione degli Ittiti, Bologna 1936
  12. ↑ line 84; Benjamin Schwartz, The Hittite and Luwian Ritual of Zarpiya of Kezzuwatna. Journal of the American Oriental Society 58/2, 1938, 334-353
  13. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Wiesbaden 2009, p. 100.
  14. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Wiesbaden 2009, p. 113.
  15. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Wiesbaden 2009, p. 113 f.
  16. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Wiesbaden 2009, p. 114.
  17. ↑ Volkert Haas: History of the Hittite Religion (= Handbook of Oriental Studies . Volume 1.15). Brill, Leiden 1994, ISBN 978-9-004-09799-5 . P. 467
  18. ↑ JD Hawkins, The Hieroglyphic Luwian Word “to die”. Journal for Comparative Linguistic Research 94, 1/2 1980, 113
  19. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Wiesbaden 2009, p. 114.
  20. ^ Stephanie Dalley, Sennacherib and Tarsus. Anatolian Studies 49 (Anatolian Iron Ages 4, Proceedings of the Fourth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Mersin, 19-23 May 1997) 1999, 74
  21. ↑ Maciej Popko, Völker und Sprachen des Alten Anatoliens, http://www.sorbzilla.de/aorient/voelkersprachenanatol.pdf , p. 58
  22. ^ Réne Lebrun, L'Anatolie et le monde phénicien du Xe au IVe siècle av. J.-C. In: E. Lipiński, Studia Phenicia 5, Phenicia and the East Mediterranean in the First Millennium B C. Louvain 1987, 23-33