ʿAli ibn al-ʿAbbas al-Majusi

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Latin translation of “Liber totius medicine necessaria” by Stephen of Antioch, 1523

ʿAli ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Madschūsi Ahvāzi ( Persian علی بن عباس مجوسی اهوازی, al-Mağūsī for short , born in the 10th century in Ahwāz ; died between 982 and 994 in Baghdad ), also known under the name Masūdi or Latinized Haly Abbas or more precisely Haly filius Abbas , was a Persian doctor and famous for his medical textbook Kitāb Kāmil aṣ-Ṣināʿa aṭ-Ṭibbiyya or "Complete Book of Medicine ". It is the first comprehensive medical encyclopedia to provide a complete overview of medieval medicine, in particular the medicine of the Arab Middle Ages as it is later to be found (including in the form of urination and pulse theory ) in European schools (such as the school of Salerno ) and together with the textbook al-Muʿālaĝāt al-Buqrātīya by his fellow student ʿAlī ibn Sahl Rabban at-Tabarī, represents the first comprehensive handbook of medieval Islamic medicine.

Life

Al-Madschūsi was born in Ahvaz , in the southwest Persian province of Khuzestan on the Persian Gulf , and studied under Abū Māhir Musa Ibn Saiyār. He was regarded as one of the greatest doctors in the Eastern Caliphate and was the personal physician of the Emir Adud ad-Daula from the Buyid dynasty (ruled 949-983). Ad-Daula founded a hospital (Bimaristan) in Shiraz in Persia and in 981 the Al-Adudi Hospital in Baghdad , which existed until it was destroyed in 1258 during the conquest of Baghdad in the Mongol storm . His ancestors were followers of the Zoroastrian religion, hence his nickname (nisba) al-Madschūsi , but he himself was a devout Muslim .

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Around 980, al-Majusi wrote his “Complete Book of Medical Art” ( Arabic كتاب كامل الصناعة الطبية, DMG Kitāb Kāmil aṣ-ṣināʿa aṭ-ṭibbiīya ). He dedicated it to his royal patron Adud ad-Daula , which is why it is also known as “The Royal Book” ( Arabic كتاب الملكي, DMG Kitāb al-Malakī , in Europe Latin Liber regalis or Regalis dispositio ) became known.

In the foreword, al-Majusi gives an overview of the history of medicine and criticizes Hippocrates of Kos and Galen . He describes Hippocrates as too short and unclear, while Galen is too diffuse. The “Complete Book” or “The Perfect Art of Healing” was written in part as an attempt to improve the textbook Kitāb al-Ḥāwī fī al-ṭibb des Rhazes , which al-Majusi criticized for being written out of context and for inadequate results the anatomy and surgery. The Liber regalis is divided into 20 discourses ( maqalahs ), the first ten dealing with theory, the other ten practical topics. This also includes treatises on dietetics and pharmacology , which are considered to be the most important contribution of al-Majusi to the medical knowledge of his time. There are also approaches to understanding the capillary system and a more precise description of the birth process.

In Europe, parts of the Royal Book were first translated into Latin by Constantinus Africanus around 1087 . This “Liber pantegni”, also called “Pantechne” ( koiné-Greek pantéchni denotes “the entire art of healing”) was one of the texts that were on the curriculum at the Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno, southern Italy . A more complete and accurate translation was made by Stephen of Antioch in 1127, which was widely distributed and was still printed in Venice in 1492 and 1523 .

With Rhazes, Isaak Judaeus and Avicenna , Haly Abbas is a representative of the first phase of "Arabic medicine", which reached its first heyday in the 10th century.

Medical ethics and research method

The work places particular emphasis on a good patient-doctor relationship and emphasizes the importance of medical ethics . Al-Madschūsi lists the principles of medical research that come close to our current understanding of biomedical research. He expressly advised the young doctors to get practical training by working in hospitals.

Neurology and psychiatry

In the field of neurology and psychiatry , al-Madschūsi discusses the neuroanatomy , neurobiology and neurophysiology of the brain as well as various mental disorders , including malaise and fatigue , memory disorders , hypochondria , coma , various forms of meningitis , dizziness , epilepsy , lovesickness and hemiplegia . He stressed in particular the preservation of health by an appropriate dietetics while drug regarded only as a means of last election.

Psychophysiology and Psychosomatic Medicine

Al-Madschūsi was one of the first researchers who dealt with psychophysiology and psychosomatics . He described how physiological and psychological aspects influence each other in a patient. He found a connection between physical and mental health and concluded that "joy and satisfaction can give some people a better quality of life who would otherwise be miserable and sick because they worry and fear unnecessarily."

Editions of works and translations

  • Kāmil aṣ-ṣināʿ aṭ-ṭibbīya (al-kitāb al-Malakī). 2 volumes, Būlāq / Kairo 1878.
  • Constantine the African ( transl. ): Liber Pantegni. 11th century, printed in: Isaak ben Salomon Israeli (= Isaak Judaeus): Omnia opera Ysaac […]. Lyon 1515.
  • Stephan of Antioch (transl.): Regalis dispositio. 1127; Prints: Venice 1492; Liber totius medicine necessaria continens, quem […] Haly filius Abbas […] edidit […]. Lyon 1523 (= Liber regalis ).

There is no modern translation or complete edition of the Kitāb Kāmil aṣ-Ṣināʿa aṭ-Ṭibbiyya . The sections on anatomy were edited from the manuscripts (Leiden MS Warn. 94, Berlin MS 6262, and Paris MS arabe 2871) and translated into French:

  • Pieter de Koning: Trois traites d'anatomie arabes par Muḥammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi, 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas and' Ali ibn Sina. Brill, Leiden 1903; Reprint: Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences, 1986, pp. 90–431.

See also

literature

  • Danielle Jacquart, Françoise Micheau: La médicine arabe et l'occident médiéval. (= Collection Islam-Occident. Volume 7). Paris 1990, pp. 69-74.
  • Friedrun R. Hau: al-Mağusī, ʿAlī ibn al-ʿAbbās. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 883 f.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrun R. Hau (2005), p. 883.
  2. ↑ a b c d Fuat Sezgin : History of Arabic literature . Volume III: Medicine - Pharmacy - Zoology - Veterinary Medicine . EJ Brill, Leiden 1970, p. 320-322 .
  3. ^ Edward Granville Browne : Islamic Medicine . Goodword Books, 2002, ISBN 978-81-87570-19-6 , pp. 53-54 .
  4. ^ MM Shoja, RS Tubbs: The history of anatomy in Persia. In: J. Anat. Volume 210, 2007, pp. 359-378.
  5. ^ Manfred Ullmann: Islamic Medicine . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1978, ISBN 978-0-7486-0907-9 , pp. 55-85 .
  6. ↑ Gundolf Keil: Pantegni, Pantechne. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1096.
  7. ^ Gundolf Keil: The German Isaak Judäus reception from the 13th to the 15th century. Shaker, Aachen 2015 (= European Science Relations. Supplement 2), ISBN 978-3-8440-3933-7 ; P. 25 f. with note 132.
  8. ↑ Charles SF Burnett, Danielle Jacquart (ed.): Constantine the African and ' Alī Ibn Al ' Abbās al-Magusi: The Pantegni and Related Texts . Brill, Leiden 1995, ISBN 90-04-10014-8 .
  9. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : History of Medicine. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1990; 3rd, revised edition, ibid 1998, p. 102.
  10. ^ Jul. Wiberg: The anatomy of the brain in the works of Galen and ʿAli ʿAbbās: a comparative historical-anatomical study. In: Janus , Volume 9, 1914, pp. 17-32 and 84-104.
  11. ↑ Nursen Deuraseh, Mansor Abu Talib: Mental health in Islamic medical tradition . In: The International Medical Journal , 4 (2), 2005, pp. 76-79.
personal data
SURNAME ʿAli ibn al-ʿAbbas al-Majusi
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ali Ibn-Abbas al-Madschusi, Haly Abbas
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Persian doctor and psychologist
DATE OF BIRTH 9th century
PLACE OF BIRTH Ahvaz
DATE OF DEATH 994
Place of death Shiraz