Aapamoor
A Aapamoor is a complex moor type in the boreal zone with kaltgemäßigtem climate in Europe in Fennoscandia , occurs. Aapamoore connect to the high moors to the north and are replaced by palsa moors further north, in the arctic far north . The term aapamoor comes from Finnish and is usually only used for the Scandinavian moors. Morphologically similar bogs, known as strand bogs, are much more widespread under the corresponding climatic influences, in Siberia, in North America and also in the Alps.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/String_bog_from_above_Muddus.jpg/220px-String_bog_from_above_Muddus.jpg)
description
Aapamoore are flat moors under the influence of high groundwater or flowing seepage water ("minerotroph"), so they do not belong to the raised bogs whose water supply comes from rainwater ("ombrotroph"). In contrast to these, they are not arched in the middle, but flat and level or even slightly sunk in the middle (concave). The flowing water supplies them with salts and nutrients. Like all peatlands, however, they have a relatively thin layer of peat formed from decomposing plant biomass in the absence of air . Aapamoore can, especially in the southern part of their range, for example in central Finland, be pronounced as largely flat, swamp-like meadow bogs. These mostly consist of sedges , in coastal areas with high nutrient leaching, they also resemble intermediate moors (or transitional moors), which in the nature of the vegetation stand between typical flat and raised moors. In the typical aapa bogs, raised bults are embedded in them, which gradually grow upwards from peaty material. A mosaic of heavier waterlogged depressions forms with drier raised bults interspersed in them, which are similar to the Bult-Schlenken complexes of the raised bogs, but both develop differently and have different hydrology and vegetation. The origin of the bulte and strands has not always been clarified in detail. It is usually explained by the fact that the sometimes slowly flowing water spares certain areas in waves, which then grow upwards through peat accumulation. This narrows the flow area so that the remaining gutters become increasingly wet.
The higher sections of the aapamore are either finely structured bulbs or larger, more gradually rising lobes. Bultes are often circular in flat bogs. Especially in more sloping hillside moors, they join together in a garland-like manner, creating a pattern parallel to the slope of raised and lower-lying stripes, which is known as strand moors. The higher stripes are called strands, the deeper stripes that are more wet are called flark ( flarkar , Finnish also rimpi ). The higher growing strands are more moor-like in character, they can also carry woody plants. Further north, the flark becomes wider and usually more heavily wetted, the strands form an irregular network pattern in them; these more are called pounikko in Finnish . The flark are then often dammed flat in spring, they then remain almost free of vegetation, their bottom consists of bare peat. In the edge zone, bulbs are stored, the core of which consists of ice that does not completely thaw even in summer (Finnish pouno ). Even further north, in the transition from the boreal taiga zone to the (hemiarctic) tundra belt, the aapamoore are replaced by palsamoore. The palsas are mighty, almost hilly bulte, the core of which is formed by permafrost .
vegetation
As described in the previous paragraph, an aapa bog is a bog complex made up of various elements that differ noticeably in their vegetation and flora . Accordingly, in the plant sociological system they are grouped into different vegetation units. The dominant species of peat moss is the brown peat moss ( Sphagnum fuscum ), which can also dominate the poor Aapamooren in the Flarken (then called neva in Finnish ). Typical species here are the mud sedge ( Carex limosa ), the rush ( Scheuchzeria palustris ) and cotton grass ( Eriophorum vaginatum ). Sedge meadows made of thread sedge ( Carex lasiocarpa ) and beak sedge ( Carex rostrata ) show richer flares . In addition to Sphagnum fuscum , the strands also have Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum angustifolium . In between growing dwarf shrubs such as chamaedaphne ( Chamaedaphne calyculata ), rosemary or Poleigränke ( Andromeda polifolia ), cloudberry ( Rubus chamaemorus ), but also shrubs such as Labrador tea ( Rhododendron tomentosum ) and occasionally sparse forest cover from often krüppelwüchsigen pines, to the north and spruce.
The Aapamoore are typically embedded in the boreal coniferous forest , with which they are connected by a partially moored marginal belt. In the transition zone to the south, real raised bogs can also be directly adjacent (“mixed complexes”), for example in the well-known Skattlösbergs Stormosse moor in central Sweden.
distribution
The European Aapamoore are located in a belt in central and northern Sweden and Finland, the east bordering Russian Karelia including the Kola peninsula and a narrow belt east of the White Sea , north of Lake Onega , mostly north of 62 degrees latitude . They are absent in central Siberia. They occur in Norway only in the mountains, on the coast only in a narrow belt in the north, from the Loppa peninsula to the island of Senja . In the mountains they penetrate south to Østlandet .
Strangly bogs (English patterned fens or ribbed fens ), which largely correspond to the Scandinavian aapa bogs , but are not referred to by this name, are in northern North America, both near the coast and inland, from Newfoundland, Labrador, Quebec and northern Minnesota to the east , widespread.
Strand bogs of the Alpine countries
In Austria and Switzerland, strangular moors can sometimes be found in the alpine elevations , which are similar to the aapa moors of Scandinavia. The formation of raised bogs is prevented by seeping through or even shallowly overflowing meltwater from the thawing snow cover.
natural reserve
Aapamoore are, under the code number 7310, a habitat type worthy of priority protection according to Annex I of Directive 92/43 / EEC (Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive) . The member states of the EU are requested to designate special protected areas for them within the framework of the Natura 2000 protected area system.
Literature and Sources
- Tapio Lindholm, Raimo Heikkilä (editors): Finland - land of mires. The Finnish Environment, 23, Helsinki 2006. ISBN 952-11-2296-X .
- S.Eurola, S.Hicks, E. Kaakinen: Key to Finnish Mire Types. in Peter D. Moore (editor): European Mires. Academic Press, London 1984. ISBN 0-12-505580-3 .
- Jarmo Laitinen, Sakari Rehell, Antti Huttunen, Teemu Tahvanainen, Raimo Heikkilä, Tapio Lindholm (2007): Mire systems in Finland - special view to aapa mires and their water-flow pattern. Suo 58 (1): 1-26.
- P. Pakarinen (1995): Classification of boreal mires in Finland and Scandinavia: A review. Vegetatio 118: 29-38. JSTOR 20046592
- Kamil Rybníček (2005): Regional Mire Complex Types in Europe. Application and Analysis of the Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe 2005: 143-149. BfN scripts 156. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn.
- Gert Michael Steiner: Bog types. In: Stapfia. Volume 85, Linz 2005, pp. 5-26, PDF on ZOBODAT
- Gert Michael Steiner, Andreas Grünig: The hydrological bog types of Switzerland. Chapter 3.1.1 in the Manual of Moor Protection in Switzerland. published by the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, 2002. download
Web links
- Aapa mires. EUNIS fact sheet . EUNIS European Nature Information System, European Environment Agency.
- Aapamoore Lexicon of Biology, www.spektrum.de