Adonis
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The Adonis ( Adonis ) are a genus of plants in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The 30 to 35 species are native to Europe and the cooler regions of Asia .
description
Appearance and leaves
Adonis species grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plants . In the perennial species, rhizomes are formed as persistent organs. The upright, sometimes branched stems can be hairy or hairless.
The alternate arranged on the stem leaves are stalked. The leaf blade can be palmate or one to three pinnate, with filiform leaflets. The leaf margins are usually smooth, rarely serrated.
Inflorescences and flowers
The stalked flowers are usually single and terminal without bracts on the stem branches; seldom they stand together in a little-flowered, terminal inflorescence . The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry . The five to eight free sepals are more or less green and 6 to 22 mm long. The 3 to 24 free petals are 8 to 35 mm long; they are seldom white, mostly red or yellow, often striped or darkly colored at the base. Nectaries are missing. There are 15 to 80 stamens with thin stamens . 20 to 100 spirally arranged, free, upper carpels each contain only one ovule . They have a stylus that ends in a recognizable, small scar .
fruit
The many small, sessile, almost spherical nut fruits sit upside down and spirally arranged in a collective fruit on a flower axis that is 10 to 40 mm longer and which, depending on the species, can be clearly seen between the fruits or not. The stylus is usually still clearly visible on the fruit; it can be straight or strongly curved.
Systematics
The genus Adonis was established by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum in 1753 . A synonym for Adonis L. is Chrysocyathus Falconer .
The genus Adonis belongs to the tribe Adonideae in the subfamily Ranunculoideae within the family Ranunculaceae . It is divided into two sections:
- Sect. Adonis , includes the annual species.
- Sect. Consiligo DC. (Syn .: Adonanthe Spach ), contains the perennial species.
The only species of the (perennial) subgenus Adonanthe outside of East Asia, in Europe and Central Asia, is Adonis vernalis . After genetic data, the kind sister group is a common clade of species from China, Korea, Mongolia, the eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan (series Amurenses and Apenninae after the revision of the subgenus by Wang). This is compatible with a hypothesis that this species, originating from the Himalayas, has separated from the common species base here and spread to the west.
origin of the name
According to Greek mythology , Adonis roses are said to have sprouted from the tears of Aphrodite , when she mourned the death of Adonis and then the blood of the dying Adonis colored the flowers red. The name does not refer to the yellow-flowered Adonis species, but to the blood-red-flowered species such as Adonis aestivalis , Adonis annua and Adonis flammea .
species
There are around 30 to 35 species of Adonis :
- Summer Adonis ( Adonis aestivalis L. ), native to: Europe, North Africa, Asia.
- Adonis aleppica Boiss. , Home: Turkey, Syria, Northern Iraq.
- Amur Adonisröschen ( Adonis amurensis Regel & Radde ), homeland: Amur region, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Sakhalin.
- Herbst-Adonisröschen ( Adonis annua L. , Syn .: Adonis autumnalis L. ), Origin: Europe, Northwest Africa, Middle East.
- Adonis apennina L. (Syn .: Adonis sibirica Patrin ex Ledeb. )
- Adonis bobroviana Sim. , Origin : China.
- Adonis chrysocyathus Hook.f. & Thomson , home: Himalayas, Tajikistan, India, Nepal, China.
- Adonis coerulea Maxim. , Home: China.
- Kyllenisches Adonisröschen ( Adonis cyllenea Boiss., Heldr. & Orph. ), Occurs only in Greece; an unclear find from 1858 comes from Asia Minor.
- Adonis davidii Franchet , occurs in China.
- Adonis dentata Delile , occurs in North Africa and the Middle East.
- Apennine Adonis ( Adonis distorta Ten. ), Occurs only in central Italy.
- Adonis eriocalycina Boiss. , occurs in the Middle East.
- Flame Adonisröschen ( Adonis flammea Jacq. ), Origin: Europe, Middle East.
- Adonis globosa C.H. Steinb. ex Rech.f. , Home: Iran.
- Adonis leiosepala Butkov , home: Central Asia.
- Adonis microcarpa DC. , occurs in the Mediterranean region and in Western Asia.
- Adonis mongolica Simonov. , Home: Mongolia.
- Adonis multiflora Nishikawa & Koji Ito , native to: Japan, Korea and China.
- Adonis nepalensis Simonov. , Home: Nepal, Sikkim.
- Adonis palaestina Boiss. , Home: Syria.
- Pyrenean Adonis Flower ( Adonis pyrenaica DC. ), Origin: Spain and France.
- Adonis ramosa Franchet , homeland: Japan.
- Adonis shikokuensis Nishikawa & Koji Ito , Origin : Japan (Shikoku).
- Adonis sibirica Patrin ex Ledeb. , Homeland: Siberia, occurs in Europe only in Russia.
- Adonis sutchuenensis Franchet , homeland: West China.
- Adonis tianschanica (Adolf) Lipschitz ex Bobrov , occurs in Russia (Tianschan).
- Adonis turkestanica (Korsh.) Adolf
- Spring Adonis ( Adonis vernalis L. ), native to: Europe, Caucasus, Siberia.
- Adonis villosa Ledeb.
- Adonis volgensis Steven ex DC. , occurs in Bulgaria, the Crimea, southern Russia and Asia Minor.
swell
literature
- Fu Dezhi, Orbélia R. Robinson: Adonis. . In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 389 (English, PDF file ). (Section description).
- Bruce D. Parfitt: Adonis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 184-187 (English, online ). (Section description).
- Ben Richardson: Entry in the Western Australian Flora . (Section description).
- Harald Riedl: Revision of the annual species by Adonis L. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Volume 66, 1963, pp. 51-90 (PDF file).
- Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 4: Dicotyledones (Lauraceae - Rhamnaceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1989, ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 , pp. 391-393 ( online ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Michio Tamura: Adonis. In: Adolf Engler, Karl Prantl (first), Paul Hiepko (ed.): The natural plant families along with their genera and more important species, especially useful plants. Volume 17a, part 4: Angiospermae: order Ranunculales, Fam. Ranunculaceae . 2nd greatly increased and improved edition. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-428-07980-9 , pp. 316-320.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 547, digitized .
- ↑ Entry in Tropicos . Retrieved March 23, 2012
- ^ Adonis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
- ↑ Dong Chan Son, Beom Kyun Park1, Sung Chul Ko (2016): Phylogenetic study of the section Adonanthe of genus Adonis L. (Ranunculaceae) based on ITS sequences. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 46 (1): 1-12. doi: 10.11110 / kjpt.2016.46.1.1
- ^ Rafael Govaerts: Extinct seed plants of Turkey, with special reference to Adonis sect. Consiligo. In: Karaca Arboretum Magazine. Volume 4, No. 4, 1998, ISSN 1300-9028 , pp. 163-166.
- ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , pp. 109-116.
