Alexander Petrovich Isvolsky
Alexander Izvolsky ( Russian Александр Петрович Извольский ; born March 6 . Jul / 18th March 1856 greg. In Moscow ; † 16th August 1919 in Paris ) was a Russian diplomat and foreign minister .
Life
Izvolsky came from the small nobility and was initially the Russian envoy in Belgrade (1897), Munich (1897–1899), Tokyo (1899–1903) and Copenhagen (1903–1906) before he was appointed Foreign Minister in 1906 by Tsar Nicholas II .
- Treaty of Saint Petersburg
Isvolsky represented an alliance course with Great Britain , which he realized in August 1907 with an agreement ( Treaty of Saint Petersburg ) that resolved disputes between the two powers in Afghanistan , Persia and Tibet (" The Great Game ").
- Buchlau Agreement
In September 1908, during the secret negotiations in the run-up to the Bosnian annexation crisis , he concluded a secret agreement with Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal on behalf of the tsar , which on the one hand recognized the supremacy of Austria-Hungary over Bosnia and on the other hand supported the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy the enforcement of an extended right of passage for Russian warships through the Dardanelles ( Buchlau Agreement ). After protests by Russian nationalists and the rejection of Great Britain, Isvolsky denied the deal and claimed to have been duped by Aehrenthal. Christopher Clark believes Iswolski lied to save his post after realizing his misjudgment of public opinion and, during his visit to London, his misjudgment of the UK's reaction.
- Racconigi Agreement
In October 1909 he concluded the so-called Racconigi Agreement with Italy , in which both countries undertook to maintain the status quo in the Balkans . The further negotiations around the crises in the Balkans brought for Russia above all failures, so that Isvolsky resigned from the post of foreign minister in September 1910. He then was ambassador to Paris until 1917 , where he resolutely defended the alliance of the later allies of the First World War against the German Reich . Kaiser Wilhelm II quoted him with the words: "Je suis le père de cette guerre.", German: "I am the father of this war." Remaining in exile in France , he was one of the supporters of a military intervention against Soviet Russia .
literature
- Friedrich Stieve (Ed.): Iswolski's diplomatic correspondence 1911–1914. From the secret files of the Russian state archives. On behalf of the German Foreign Office . Berlin 1926.
- Friedrich Stieve (ed.): Iswolski in the world wars. Isvolski's diplomatic correspondence from 1914–1917. New documents from the secret files of the Russian state archives. On behalf of the German Foreign Office . Berlin 1926.
- Friedrich Stieve (Ed.): Isvolsky and the World War. Based on the documents recently published by the German Foreign Office. 1926. New edition: Ayer Publishing, Freeport 1971, ISBN 0-8369-5862-4 .
- Isvolsky, Alexander Petrovich . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 31 : English literature - Oyama, Iwao . London 1922, p. 595 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
- Recollections Of A Foreign Minister (Memoirs of Alexander Iswolsky) . 1921 ( archive.org )
Web links
- Article Alexander Petrowitsch Iswolski in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- Newspaper article about Alexander Petrovich Iswolski in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christopher Clark: The Sleepwalkers. DVA, 2013, ISBN 978-3-641-11877-8 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ^ Wilhelm II .: Events and Figures 1878-1918. Publishing house KF Koehler, Leipzig / Berlin, 1922, p. 219
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Michail Apollinar Chreptowicz-Butenev |
Russian envoy to Bavaria 1897–1899 |
Roman Romanowitsch Rosen |
| Roman Romanowitsch Rosen |
Russian envoy to Japan 1899–1903 |
Roman Romanowitsch Rosen |
| Alexander Konstantinowitsch Benckendorff |
Russian envoy to Denmark 1903–1906 |
Ivan Alexandrovich Kudashev |
| Vladimir Nikolajewitsch von Lamsdorf |
Russian Foreign Minister 1906–1910 |
Sergei Dmitrievich Sasonov |
| Alexander Nelidov |
Russian ambassador to France 1910–1917 |
- |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Izvolsky, Alexander Petrovich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Извольский, Александр Петрович (Russian) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Russian diplomat and foreign minister |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 18, 1856 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Moscow |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 16, 1919 |
| Place of death | Paris |