Pineapple (genus)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
pineapple
Pineapple 'Tricolor'

Pineapple 'Tricolor'

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae)
Subfamily : Bromelioideae
Genre : pineapple
Scientific name
pineapple
Mill.

Pineapple is a genus of plants withinthe bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae). The best-known species, the pineapple ( Ananas comosus ), is an important fruit plant . In addition, other species and varieties arecultivatedas ornamental plantsbecause of their leaves and decorative fruits.

description

Illustration of pineapple

The pineapple species are ground-dwelling (terrestrial), perennial , herbaceous plants . The stem axis is compressed, which means that the plant is stemless or only forms a short stem, and the leaves are in dense rosettes with a diameter of up to 2 meters. The tough, bent back leaves are up to 80 centimeters long and have hardly any suction scales (compare other bromeliad species). The leaf sheaths are hardly enlarged. The leaf blade is serrated on the edge.

The short to elongated, mostly upright inflorescence stem is covered with prickly bracts . The inflorescence is ear-like and spherical to cone-shaped. At the top of the inflorescence is a clump of sterile, leaf-like bracts . The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and threefold with a double flower envelope . The three sepals are free. Each of the three free petals has two funnel-shaped, delicate scales (magnifying glass!) And is blue, purple or white. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown.

The berries , the bracts of the flowers and the inflorescence axis grow together to form a fleshy fruit cluster . The small (2 to 3 millimeters), thick, egg-shaped seeds are brown to black and have no appendages. Cultivated pineapples do not form seeds and are therefore called kenokarp (empty fruit). The propagation therefore takes place vegetatively via Kindel or rooting of the leaf scoops.

etymology

The name pineapple comes from the Guaraní ananá, naná, nanas meaning pineapple . The first written record comes from André Thevenet in 1555.

In Austria and southern Germany, the particularly large-fruited cultivated forms of the strawberry are also called "pineapples" in order to distinguish them from the wild strawberries, while the real pineapple is called Hawaii pineapple.

Systematics

Pineapple 'Variegatus' with decorative leaves
Infructescence of pineapples ananassoides var. Nanus

The genus pineapple was established by Philip Miller in 1754 . Ananassa Lindl is a synonym for Ananas Mill .

Classic division

How u. a. the list of bromeliads from bromeliad specialist Harry E. Luther (The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens Sarasota, Florida, USA) from 2008 shows that the species of the genus pineapple (cf. Smith and Downs, 1979) are classically divided into up to eight species and 2 due to their morphology Varieties, including: Ananas ananassoides (Baker) LB Smith, Ananas bracteatus (Lindley) Schultes f. (with the variety A. bracteatus var. tricolor (Bertoni) LB Smith), Ananas comosus (Linnaeus) Merrill (with the variety A. comosus var. variegatus (E. Lowe) Moldenke), Ananas fritzmuelleri Camargo, Ananas lucidus Miller, Ananas nanus (LB Smith) LB Smith, Ananas parguazensis Camargo & LB Smith. Since then, the genus pineapple has formed its own genus without the genus Pseudananas with Pseudananas sagarius as the only species. The species Ananas monstrosus , which was still represented in Givnish and Downs (1979), was already excluded by Leal (1990).

Problems of the cultivated plant and different approaches

As early as 2003, in The pineapple: botany, production and uses, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge and Leal interpreted from their results that the genera pineapple and pseudo- pineapple had to be merged into a single one, and so the first approaches arose, the classic classification according to Smith and Downs ( 1979) to be modified. The aim of the changes included the renaming of P. tellarius to Ananas macrodontes , of A. ananassoides and A. nanus to A. comosus var. Ananassoides , from A. lucidus to A. comosus var. Erectifolius , from A. parguazensis to A. . comosus var. parguazensis and from A. comosus in A. comosus var. comosus . The above Invalid status of A. monstrosus according to Leal (1990) was accepted, so that the species was described as a variety of A. comosus .

After the working group Butcher and Gouda (2014) had considered the then current state of research regarding the genus pineapple, they concluded that all botanical descriptions of the pineapple species had been carried out using specimens from cultivated plants. They suspected an exception with the species A. ananassoides , A. parguazensis and A. macrodontes , since, unlike, for example, Ananas comosus, they are not cultivated on the basis of their edible fruits and are therefore hardly subject to a selection that would differentiate them from their natural populations . Butcher and Gouda (2014) named the species Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. as a human-generated form of culture, which therefore cannot be the type species according to the ICNCP ( International Code for Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants ) nomenclature . Therefore, the research group suggested A. ananassoides (Baker) LBSm. to be defined as type species, since it is the first species described . A new type ( lectotype ) was established. The other two species A. sagaria Schult. f. and A. parguazensis Camargo & LBSm. were first described later in 1830 and 1968.

According to Butcher and Gouda (2014), all other earlier species should be cultivated forms and should accordingly be renamed under the new status of a vegetable variety under consideration of the ICNCP ( pineapple 'Bracteatus', pineapple ' Comosus', pineapple 'Erectifolius', pineapple ' Lucidus ' etc. ).

The interspecific as well as infraspecific relationship of the pineapple within the bromeliad family is still an ongoing subject of current research, in which not only morphological but also molecular characteristics are consulted. Depending on the author , up to eight species are distinguished in the pineapple genus and the closer relationship between the pineapple species and Pseudananas sagarius is supported, according to Butcher and Gouda (2014), in addition to A. comosus (L.) Merr. only three types of pineapple recognized as follows:

  • A. ananassoides (Baker) LBSm. ; Syn .: Acanthostachys ananassoides Baker with two varieties:
    • A. ananassoides (Baker) LBSm. var. ananassoides; Syn .: A. microstachys var. Typicus Camargo , A. microstachys Lindm. , A. sativus var. Microstachys Mez , A. comosus sensu Mez non (L.) Merr. , A. guaraniticus Bertoni , A. comosus var. Microstachys (Mez) LBSm. , A. ananassoides var. Typicus L.B.Sm.
    • A. ananassoides var. Nanus L.B.Sm. ; Syn .: A. nanus (LBSm.) LBSm. :
  • A. parguazensis Camargo & LBSm. ; Syn .: A. ananassoides sensu LBSm. non (Baker) LBSm.
  • A. sagaria (Arruda) Schult. & Schult. f. ; Syn .: Ananas macrodontes E. Morren , Pseudananas sagarius (Arruda) Camargo

Dissemination and use

Wild plants

The genus pineapple is widespread as a wild plant in South America. According to Butcher and Gouda (2014), the species A. ananassoides is distributed at altitudes from 0 to 1000 meters in Paraguay , Brazil and Argentina . It thrives more in open and drier locations compared to the other species. A. ananassoides var. Nanus (syn .: A. nanus ) thrives in more or less sparse forests at altitudes of up to 1000 meters in Suriname and Brazil. With a maximum height of 20 centimeters, it is a small and little-flowered species and is used as a robust ornamental plant. A. parguazensis grows in relatively humid locations at altitudes of 45 to 1200 meters in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname and Brazil.

Crops

Some varieties of the pineapple species ( Ananas 'Comosus') are cultivated in almost all tropical regions of the world. It is an important fruit plant (see there ). In addition, it and other species and their varieties are cultivated as ornamental plants due to their leaves and decorative fruits . The leaves of the pineapple 'Lucidus' are not reinforced at the edge and they are used as a fiber plant.

Receipts and further information

literature

  • Derek Butcher, Eric J. Gouda : Most Ananas are Cultivars. In: Bromeliaceae, Journal of the Bromeliad Society of Queensland Inc. , 48 (1), 2014, pp. 14-16.
  • Werner Rauh : Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other bromeliads worthy of culture. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3 .
  • Wei-liang Ma, Bruce Bartholomew: The genus Pineapple Miller. P. 18 - online with the same text as the printed work . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China, Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 24, 2000, p. 18 ISBN 0 -915279-83-5 (section description) ( online PDF; 30.5 kB ).
  • Freddy Leal, George Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, Bruce K. Holst: Taxonomy of the genera Ananas and Pseudananas - a historical review. In: Selbyana , 19 (2), 1998, pp. 227-235. JSTOR 41759992
  • MF Duval, GSC Buso, FR Ferreira, JL Noyer, George Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, P. Hamon, ME Ferreira: Relationships in Ananas and other related genera using chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. In: Genome 46, 2003, pp. 990-1004. doi : 10.1139 / G03-074
  • George Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, Freddy Leal: Morphology, Anatomy and Taxonomy . In: Bartholomew et al .: The Pineapple: Botany, Production and Uses, 2003, pp. 13-32.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Eric J. Gouda, D. Butcher, CS Gouda (continuously updated): Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads. ("Pineapple" under Species Index.) Version 4. Botanical Garden of the University, Utrecht ( online ). (Accessed June 09, 2018.)
  3. ^ LB Smith, RJ Downs: Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae) . In: Flora Neotropica . tape 14 , no. 3 . Hafner Press, New York 1979, pp. 1493-2142 .
  4. ^ Harry E. Luther: An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials , 2008 in The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International.
  5. ↑ a b c d e Derek Butcher, Eric J. Gouda: Most Ananas are Cultivars. In: Bromeliaceae, Journal of the Bromeliad Society of Queensland Inc. , 48 (1), 2014, pp. 14-16.
  6. ^ A b G. Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, F. Leal: Morphology, anatomy and taxonomy . In: D. Bartholomew et al. (Ed.): The pineapple: botany, production and uses. Pineapple prod. uses. 2003, p. 13-33 .
  7. ↑ Sabine Matuszak-Renger, Juraj Paule, Sascha Heller, Elton MC Leme, Gerardo M. Steinbeisser, Michael HJ Barfuss, Georg Zizka: Phylogenetic relationships among Ananas and related taxa (Bromelioideae, Bromeliaceae) based on nuclear, plastid and AFLP data . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . May 3, 2018, ISSN  0378-2697 , doi : 10.1007 / s00606-018-1514-3 ( springer.com [accessed June 9, 2018]).
  8. ↑ Pineapple in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Pineapple  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
  • Miller: pineapple. In: www.ciat.cgiar.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007 ; accessed on February 17, 2014 (English).