Bromelioideae

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bromelioideae
Pineapple (Ananas 'Comosus'), pineapple plant with almost ripe fruit

Pineapple ( Ananas 'Comosus'), pineapple plant with almost ripe fruit

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae)
Subfamily : Bromelioideae
Scientific name
Bromelioideae
Burnett

The Bromelioideae are a subfamily of the family of plants of the Bromeliaceae (Bromeliaceae). The 31 to 35 genera with about (600 to) 800 species are widespread in the Neotropic .

use

Bromelia karatas

The best-known representative is probably the pineapple ( pineapple 'Comosus') with its tasty fruit . Another useful plant from the Bromeliaceae family is the fiber- producing curauá ( pineapple 'Lucidus'). Species of the genus Bromelia are used as living fences.

Description and ecology

Habit and leaves

Reinforced foliage of Bromelia karatas
Aechmea distichantha inflorescence
Branched inflorescence of Aechmea leptantha
Pendent inflorescence of Billbergia × windii with red bracts and bluish flowers
Habit of the funnel bromeliad Hohenbergia stellata with upright, long inflorescence stem and compound inflorescence
Neoregelia concentrica var. Plutonis , with a strongly compressed inflorescence axis
Nidularium innocentii var. Innocentii , with a compressed inflorescence axis
× Neophytum 'Burgundy Hill', a horticultural genus hybrid (intergeneric) from Orthophytum × Neoregelia

They are mesophytic to xerophytic , evergreen , perennial herbaceous plants . Many species of the Bromelioideae grow as epiphytes . But there are also some species, for example from the genera Pineapple , Bromelia and Ochagavia , which grow on the ground, i.e. terrestrially, or on rocks, i.e. lithophytically. The root system is often well developed, but a little less in the epiphytic species. Many of the species are funnel bromeliads, they collect water in their leaf rosettes. The shoot axes are mostly compressed. From renewal buds they form kindles for vegetative reproduction .

Arranged alternate and in basal rosette leaves are divided into leaf sheath and blade, without petiole. The reinforced, serrated or sawn leaf margin is typical.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescence axes can form long inflorescence stems or be compressed (most noticeable in all Neoregelia species). The terminal, differently structured inflorescences are often conspicuous with often intensely colored bracts .

The threefold flowers are more or less radial symmetry and almost always hermaphroditic, except for Androlepis . It is a double perianth (perianth) are present. One of the three sepals is often shaped differently, one speaks of asymmetrical sepals. The three petals are often free, except for the genera Cryptanthus , Greigia , Neoregelia and Nidularium . There are two circles with three stamens each. The three pistils have become an under constant ovary grown.

The flower formula is:

Fruits and seeds

Bromelioideae differ from all other taxa of the family in their berry fruits and the ever wingless seeds.

The diaspores , in this case the berries, spread via birds - less often via other animals. When ripe, the berries often have very noticeable colors (often bluish tones). The berries are eaten by the birds and the moist seeds are then excreted undigested. In the genus Pineapple and Acanthostachys, there is a fruit composed of many berries (collective fruit stand = syncarpium).

metabolism

It has according to the category C 3 - or CAM - photosynthesis pathways detected. The suction scales ( trichomes ) on the leaf surfaces promote the absorption of water and nutrients through the leaves.

Systematics, phylogenetics, evolution and distribution

The natural range of the Bromelioideae is the subtropical to tropical New World from northern Central America and the Caribbean islands down to Argentina . With a center of biodiversity in southeastern Brazil, especially in the Atlantic rainforest .

The type genus is Bromelia L. The botanical genus name Bromelia honors the Swedish doctor and botanist Olaf Bromel (1639–1705).

The relationships between the genera within the subfamily of the Bromelioideae are the subject of current scientific investigations. It turned out that Bromelia is a sister group to all other genera. The genera Deinacanthon , Greigia , Ochagavia , Fascicularia and Fernseea form a clade . The genera Aechmea and Quesnelia are polyphyletic and will probably be divided into several genera in future work. The development of leaf funnels to collect water and nutrients from the simple leaf rosettes occurred only once within the Bromelioideae. Secondarily, this feature was lost again in a few kin groups. The certainly polyphyletic genus Aechmea is divided into several sub-genera, to which the rank of genera is assigned in some scientific works; Individual genera have been spun off and incorporated several times, but this entire family group has not been revised in the last few decades. Also at the end of 2014 the species-rich genus Aechmea s. l. the species of proposed genera such as Chevaliera and Streptocalyx . For a long time the monotypical genus Pseudananas Hassl. ex Harms (Syn .: Pineapple Hassl. non Mill. ) with the only species Pseudananas sagarius (Arruda da Camara) Camargo discussed controversially; since Butcher & Gouda 2014 it has been a synonym for pineapple sagaria (Arruda) Schult. & Schult. f.

The following list gives the genera of the Bromelioideae with the number of species within the genus and their distribution areas ; There are 31 to 35 genera with about (600 to) 800 species (status according to Gouda et al. 2014):

  • Acanthostachys Klotzsch : The only two species are distributed from Brazil to Paraguay and Argentina .
  • Aechmea Ruiz & Pav .: It contains 182 to 300 species, gene sequence analyzes show that Aechmea in the current version is not a natural group and a revision is necessary (Horres 2003, Schulte et al. 2009). They are common in the Neotropic.
  • Ananas Mill .: It contains only three (previously up to eight species) in the Neotropic, for example the pineapple ( Ananas 'Comosus', Syn .: Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ),Which isa hybrid that emerged in culture.
  • Androlepis Brongn. ex Houllet : Since 2011 it contains two species:
  • Araeococcus Brongn. : The approximately nine species are distributed from Costa Rica via Venezuela , Colombia , Bolivia to Brazil as well as on and Trinidad and Tobago .
  • Billbergia Thunb. : The over 60 species are distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and to northern Argentina; the center of biodiversity is Brazil.
  • Bromelia L .: The over 50 species are distributed from Mexico over the Caribbean to Paraguay and Argentina.
  • Canistropsis (Mez) Leme : The eleven species that have been around since 2008 thrive in the rainforest areas of eastern Brazil.
  • Canistrum E. Morren : The approximately 13 (previously up to 22) species only thrive in the Atlantic rainforest " Mata Atlântica " in Brazil .
  • Cryptanthus Otto & A.Dietr. : The 78 or so species are mainly found in eastern Brazil.
  • Deinacanthon Mez : it contains only one type:
    • Deinacanthon urbanianum (Mez) Mez : It thrives at altitudes of 500 to 850 meters in Paraguay and Argentina (Salta, Cordoba, Chaco, La Rioja, San Luis).
  • Disteganthus Lem. : It contains only two species in Suriname and French Guiana .
  • Edmundoa Leme : There are only three species in Brazil.
  • Eduandrea Leme, W.Till, GKBrown, JRGrant & Govaerts (Syn .: Andrea Mez ): It contains only one species:
    • Eduandrea selloana (Baker) Leme, W.Till, GKBrown, JRGrant & Govaerts (Syn .: Quesnelia selloana Baker , Andrea selloana (Baker) Mez , Nidularium selloanum (Baker) E.Pereira & Leme , Canistropsis selloana (Baker) Leme ): It only thrives at altitudes above 800 meters in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais .
  • Fascicularia Mez : It contains only one species (previously five species):
    • Fascicularia bicolor (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez : It thrives with two subspecies at altitudes between 100 and 1250 meters in Chile.
  • Fernseea Baker : The only two species are endemic in the border area of ​​the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo .
  • Greigia rule : The approximately 36 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Hohenbergia Schult. f. : Of the approximately 56 species, some species only occur in the Antilles (especially Jamaica), most of the other species are found in Brazil, there are also species in Guatemala and Colombia.
  • Hohenbergiopsis L.B.Sm. & Read : It only contains one type:
  • Lapanthus Louzada & Versieux : The three species since 2012 are endemic only in the southern part of the Serra do Espinhaço in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais .
  • Lymania Read : Of the approximately nine species, eight occur only in the southern Brazilian state of Bahia and one is also distributed as far as Bolivia.
  • Neoglaziovia Mez : The three or so species are common in Brazil.
  • Neoregelia L.B.Sm. : The over 100 species are common in tropical South America.
  • Nidularium Lem. : The range of about 54 species is limited to the rainforest areas of eastern Brazil.
  • Ochagavia Phil .: The only five species occur only in central Chile and on Robinson Crusoe Island .
  • Orthophytum Beer : The approximately 67 species occur only in eastern Brazil.
  • Portea K. Koch : The range of the eight species is limited to eastern Brazil.
  • Pseudaechmea L.B.Sm. & Read : It only contains one type:
  • Quesnelia Gaudich. : The distribution area of ​​the approximately 23 species is restricted to eastern Brazil.
  • Ronnbergia E. Morren & André : The approximately 14 species are distributed from Costa Rica to Colombia, northern Peru and Brazil.
  • Ursulaea Read & HUBaensch : The only two species occur only in the Mexican state of Jalisco .
  • Wittrockia Lindm. : The seven or so species are common in Brazil.

There are also generic hybrid , examples: × Hohenmea itaipuana B.R.Silva & LFSousa from Hohenbergia and Aechmea , more × Niduregelia from Nidularium and Neoregelia .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Katharina Schulte, Michael HJ Barfuss, Georg Zizka: Phylogeny of Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA loci reveals the evolution of the tank habit within the subfamily. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 51, 2009, pp. 327-339: doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2009.02.003 Online. (PDF; 820 kB)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Eric J. Gouda, Derek Butcher, Kees Gouda: Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads , Version 3.1 (2012). last accessed on January 1, 2015
  3. ↑ Rafael Batista Louzada, Leonardo M. Versieux: Lapanthus (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae): A New Genus from the Southern Espinhaço Range, Brazil. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 35, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 497-503. doi : 10.1600 / 036364410792495908
  4. ↑ Rafael Batista Louzada, Maria of Graces Lapa Wanderley: A new combination in Lapanthus (Bromeliaceae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 17, 2012, pp. 63-68. doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.17.3642
  5. ↑ Rafael Batista Louzada, Clarisse Palma-Silva, Andrea Macêdo Corrêa, Eliane Kaltchuk-Santos, Maria das Graças Lapa Wanderley: Chromosome number of Orthophytum species (Bromeliaceae). In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 65, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 53-58.
  6. ↑ Rafael Batista Louzada, Katharina Schulte, Maria das Graças Lapa Wanderley, D. Silvestro, Georg Zizka, Michael HJ Barfuss, Clarisse Palma-Silva: Molecular phylogeny of the Brazilian endemic genus Orthophytum (Bromelioideae, Bromeliaceae) and its implications on morphological character evolution . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 77, August 2014, pp. 54-64. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.03.007

further reading

  • Ralf Horres: Dissertation, 2003: Investigations into the systematics and phylogeny of the Bromeliaceae with special consideration of molecular characteristics : Online. (PDF; 2.5 MB)
  • TJ Givnish, JC Pires, SW Graham, MA McPherson, LM Prince, TB Patterson: Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological evolution in Bromeliaceae: Insights from ndhF sequences. In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, JM Porter, LM Prince, MG Simpson: Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales , Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, 2006, 23, pp. 3-26.
  • Chodon Sass, Chelsea D. Specht: Phylogenetic estimation of the core Bromelioids with an emphasis on the genus Aechmea (Bromeliaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 55, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 559-571: doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.01.005
  • EMC Leme, S. Heller, Georg Zizka, H. Halbritter: New circumscription of Cryptanthus and new Cryptanthoid genera and subgenera (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on neglected morphological traits and molecular phylogeny. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 318, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 1–88. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.318.1.1

Web links

Commons : Bromelioideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files