Habit of the funnel bromeliad Hohenbergia stellata and its more than 1 meter high, decorative inflorescence
Fruit cluster with ripening berries of Hohenbergia stellata
Appearance and leaves
The Hohenbergia species are perennial herbaceous plants . These are funnel or cistern bromeliads. They are mostly large species with a funnel diameter of over 1 meter. Most of the species are epiphytes . The tough leaves are always reinforced at the edge (like all representatives of the Bromelioideae), with a spike tip, suction scales can be seen mainly on the underside of the leaf. Large amounts of water often collect in the leaf funnels. In many funnels there are small biotopes with several species of animals, algae and aquatic plants.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers sit in large numbers in mostly handsome, long-lasting inflorescences , they are composed of cone-shaped partial inflorescences. An often over 1 meter long inflorescences often sit bright colored bracts (bracts); the color red dominates (mostly with a blue component), there are also white.
The flowers are at most short stalked. The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The flowers are compressed at the sides. The three sepals have grown together to form a short tube. The three petals are often blue or blue-purple, there are also yellow and white. Birds are the pollinators of the blue-flowering species . The three petals are free above the ovary. The petals have scales (ligula) at their base. There are two circles with three stamens each. The inner stamens are fused with the petals. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown.
The fruits are berries ; when ripe they are often strongly colored; red to blue dominate here. The fruits are eaten by animals (especially birds , less often bats and monkeys ). The seeds are excreted undigested and get onto branches with the excrement.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Hohenbergia was founded in 1830 by Joseph August Schultes and Julius Hermann Schultes in Johann Jacob Roemer and Julius Hermann Schultes: Systema Vegetabilium , Volume 7, 2, LXXI, p. 1251 ( Caroli a Linné ... Systema vegetabilium: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species. Cum characteribus differentiis et synonymis. Editio nova, speciebus inde from editione XV. Detectis aucta et locupletata. Stuttgardtiae ). As lectotype was 1923 Hohenbergia stellata Schult. & Schult. f. set. The generic name Hohenbergia honors a prince of the Kingdom of Württemberg , Paul Wilhelm von Württemberg (1797–1860), a nephew of the Württemberg king Friedrich I of Württemberg . The prince was a patron of botany under the name Hohenberg. The Schultes write: "Nomen in honorem reg. Alt. Principis de Würtemburg, qui nomine Hohenberg amabilem scientiam altissimo cult excoluit." . A synonym for Hohenbergia Schult. & Schult. f. is Pironneava Post & Kuntze .
The genus Hohenbergia has a disjunct distribution: some species occur only in the Antilles (especially Jamaica with about nine endemic ) in front, most other types have their areas in Brazil , there are also species in Guatemala and Colombia .
There are around 65 Hohenbergia species (as of 2014, only around 54 species in 2008):
Hohenbergia aechmeoides Leme : It wasfirst describedin 2010 from the Brazilian state of Paraíba . It thrives terrestrially in coastal plain vegetation near sea level.
Hohenbergia antillana Mez (Syn .: Hohenbergia tetaensis Proctor & Cedeño-Maldonado ): This endemic thrives epiphytically and lithophytically at altitudes of about 150 meters only in Puerto Rico .
Hohenbergia arcuata Leme & M.Machado : It wasfirst describedin 2010 from the Brazilian state of Bahia . It thrives lithophytically in exposed locations in subshrub vegetation at altitudes of around 1000 meters.
Hohenbergia augusta (Vellozo) E. Morren (Syn .: Hohenbergia ferruginea Carrière , Hohenbergia glomerata (Gaudich.) Baker , Hohenbergia multiceps E. Morren ex Mez ): It thrives epiphytically and lithophytically at altitudes of up to 100 meters in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina .
Hohenbergia barbarenpina Leme & Fraga : It was first described in 2010 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. This endemic thrives epiphytically on the upper branches of trees in fragmented remnants of the Mata Atlântica at altitudes of about 500 meters between Cocão and Nova Esperança.
Hohenbergia belemii L.B.Sm. & RWRead It thrives terrestrially in coastal forests only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia blanchetii (Baker) E. Morren ex Mez : It usually grows epiphytically in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Espírito Santo.
Hohenbergia brachycephala L.B.Sm. : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of about 240 meters only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia catingae Ule (Syn .: Hohenbergia catingae var. Horrida (Harms) LBSm & Read. ): There are four varieties:
Hohenbergia catingae Ule var. Catingae (Syn .: Hohenbergia leucostele Gürke ): It thrives lithophytically at altitudes of 480 to 840 meters only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia catingae var. Elongata M.B.Foster (Syn .: Hohenbergia caruaruensis Harms ): It thrives lithophytically at altitudes of around 500 meters in the Brazilian states from Pernambuco to Bahia.
Hohenbergia catingae var. Eximbricata L.B.Sm. & Read : This endemic thrives on dry quartzite hills with disturbed woodland in the lower area of the slopes and in the bushes above at altitudes of about 1200 meters only 12 to 14 km north of the Rio de Contas on the road to Mato Orosso in the Serra do Rio de Contas in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia catingae var. Extensa L.B.Sm. & Read : It only thrives at altitudes of around 400 meters in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia eriostachya Mez : This endemic thrives epiphytically and lithophytically at altitudes of 450 to 1170 meters only in Jamaica.
Hohenbergia estevesii E. Pereira & Moutinho : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia fawcettii Mez (Syn .: Hohenbergia fawcettiana K.Schum. ): This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 1000 to 1110 meters.
Hohenbergia gnetacea Mez : We only know the type material of this species and we don't even know whether it comes from Brazil or Jamaica.
Hohenbergia halutheriana Leme : It was first described in 2013 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It thrives epiphytically in the hygrophilic Mata Atlântica at altitudes of 100 to 125 meters.
Hohenbergia hatschbachii Leme : It was first described in 1999 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It thrives terrestrially.
Hohenbergia humilis L.B.Sm. & RWRead : It only thrives in thorn bush vegetation in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia igatuensis Leme : It was first described in 2010 from the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia inermis Mez : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically and lithophytically at altitudes of 180 to 630 meters.
Hohenbergia itamarajuensis Leme & Baracho : It was first described in 1998 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It thrives epiphytically.
Hohenbergia jamaicana L.B.Sm. & Proctor : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 195 to 375 meters.
Hohenbergia laesslei L.B.Sm. : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 570 to 630 meters.
Hohenbergia lanata E. Pereira & Moutinho : It was first described in 1980 from the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia lativaginata J.R. Maciel & Louzada : It was first described in 2010 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. This endemic thrives terrestrially only in the Serra da Babilônia.
Hohenbergia lemei H.Luther & K.Norton : It was first described in 2005 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. So far it has only been found as an epiphyte on shady trees in a cocoa plantation in Una-Itamaraju. The specimen collected in 1996 bloomed for the first time in 2004.
Hohenbergia loredanoana Leme & L. Kollmann : It wasfirst describedin 2011 from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais . It thrives epiphytically in the hygrophilic Mata Atlântica at altitudes of 700 to 900 meters.
Hohenbergia magnispina Leme : It was first described in 2010 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It thrives there in medium-sized groups lithophytically on rocky soils in the "Campos Rupestres" vegetation or in grasslands.
Hohenbergia mesoamericana I. Ramírez, Carnevali et Cetzal : It wasfirst describedin 2010 from the Mexican state of Quintana Roo . The roots are surrounded by dry foliage and it thrives epiphytically on the lower part of trees, very close to the forest floor in the deciduous forest, whichis dominatedby Erythroxylum confusum . This type of vegetation, with many endemics, typically occurs over limestone and is highly endangered. This species was found on the Yucatán Peninsula at around sea level.
Hohenbergia minor L.B.Sm. : It thrives terrestrially on the banks of rivers only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia mutabilis Leme & L. Kollmann : It was first described in 2009 from the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. This endemic thrives as an epiphyte in the canopy above 20 meters above the forest floor in the Mata Atlântica of the Tafelland, the so-called "Tabuleiro" forest, at an altitude of about 150 meters.
Hohenbergia negrilensis Britton ex LBSm. : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 8 to 23 meters.
Hohenbergia oxoniensis W. Weber : It is only known from the type material and there is no information about the origin.
Hohenbergia pabstii L.B.Sm. & RWRead : It only occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia penduliflora (A.Richard) Mez (Syn .: Hohenbergia ferruginea sensu Mez , Hohenbergia virens (Brongn. Ex Baker) Mez ): It thrives epiphytically, terrestrially and lithophytically at altitudes of 120 to 900 meters on the islands of Jamaica and Cuba .
Hohenbergia polycephala (Baker) Mez (Syn .: Hohenbergia pycnantha (Baker) Mez ): This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically or lithophytically at altitudes of 525 to 2000 meters.
Hohenbergia portoricensis Mez (Syn .: Hohenbergia attenuata Britton ): This endemic occurs only in Puerto Rico . It thrives epiphytically or lithophytically in groups mostly on rocks and in moist mountain forests at altitudes above 500 meters.
Hohenbergia proctorii L.B.Sm. : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 225 to 360 meters.
Hohenbergia ramageana Mez : It thrives epiphytically, lithophytically or terrestrially, mostly at low altitudes in the Brazilian states from Rio Grande do Norte to Minas Gerais and São Paulo.
Hohenbergia reconcavensis Leme & Fraga : It was first described in 2010 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It thrives terrestrially in fragmented remnants of the humid Mata Atlântica.
Hohenbergia rosea L.B.Sm. & RWRead : There is only one collection of this endemic in the vicinity of Itapetinga on the layer level about 100 km from Itaju da Colonia to Vitoria da Conquista at an altitude of about 700 meters in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia salzmannii (Baker) E. Morren ex Mez (Syn .: Hohenbergia sellowiana Mez ): It thrives as an epiphyte and on sand dunes at sea level only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia sandrae Leme : It was first described in 2001 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It thrives terrestrially in the sun in the thorn bush vegetation of the Caatinga in the Maracas region.
Hohenbergia spinulosa Mez : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically or lithophytically at altitudes of 150 to 750 meters.
Hohenbergia stellata Schultes f. (Syn .: Hohenbergia erythrostachya Brongn. , Hohenbergia glomerata Baker , Hohenbergia oligosphaera (Baker) Mez ): It thrives epiphytically or terrestrially at altitudes of 80 to 1400 meters in the islands of Tobago and Trinidad and from Venezuela to Brazil.
Hohenbergia undulatifolia Leme & H.Luther : It was first described in 1998 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It thrives epiphytically or lithophytically at altitudes of about 900 meters.
Hohenbergia urbaniana Mez : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica and thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 195 to 930 meters.
Hohenbergia utriculosa Ule : It thrives lithophytically at altitudes of 480 to 1050 meters only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Hohenbergia vestita L.B.Sm. : It thrives on sandstone rocks and on shallow soils at altitudes of 1100 to 1600 meters in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Minas Gerais.
Hohenbergia viridorubra Leme : It was first described in 2012 from the Brazilian state of Bahia. It has so far only been found growing terrestrially in a relatively drier transitional vegetation of the deciduous Mata Atlântica.
use
Due to their size, the Hohenbergia species are rarely found in private collections in areas where they cannot be cared for outdoors due to frosts. But in some tropical parks and gardens and also in almost all botanical gardens you can find these relatively undemanding, but decorative plants, most often Hohenbergia stellata .
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literature
Werner Rauh : Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other bromeliads worthy of culture. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3 .
Lyman B. Smith , Robert Jack Downs: Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae). In: Flora Neotropica , Monograph 14, Part 3, Hafner Press, New York, 1979: Hohenbergia from p. 1731.
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Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymic plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
Hohenbergia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
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