Anna Laetitia Barbauld

Anna Laetitia Barbauld

Anna Laetitia Barbauld (born June 20, 1743 in Kibworth Harcourt , Leicestershire , † March 9, 1825 in Stoke Newington ) was an English poet, essayist, literary critic, editor and children's book author. As a woman who writes, Barbauld tried a variety of genres and subsequently achieved great success - which was rarely the case for female writers of the time. She was a respected teacher at Palgrave Academy and an innovative children's author. Their teaching approaches became a pedagogical guide for over a century. Her essays proved that it was possible for a woman to be publicly involved in politics, and other women writers like Elizabeth Benger made her models. Barbauld's literary career spanned several periods of British literary history. Traces of enlightenment and sensitivity can be found in her work . In addition, her poetry formed the basis for the development of British Romanticism . Since she was also active as a literary critic, her anthology on British novels helped establish today's literary canon. Barbauld's literary career came to an abrupt end as a result of the publication of her highly polemical political poem Eighteen Hundred and Eleven in 1812. Here she criticized Britain's participation in the coalition wars . She was so influenced by a series of extremely negative reviews that she never picked up her quill again. Her reputation worsened when many of the romantics who inspired her at the time of the French Revolution turned against her in their later conservative résumés. Thus Barbauld was noted as a pedantic children's book author during the late 19th century. It was forgotten in the 20th century. Interest in it was only rekindled with the rise of feminist literary theory in the 1980s.

Life

Anna Laetitia Barbauld, daughter of Doctor John Aikin and Jane Jennings, was born on June 20, 1743 in Kibworth Harcourt , Leicestershire , where her father ran a school for boys. In 1758 John Aikin taught at the new Warrington Academy for Dissenters in Lancashire ; Anna was to stay in this intellectual center for the next 15 years and benefit from her father's private lessons.

In May 1774 Anna married the clergyman Rochemont Barbauld, who was six years her junior and educated at the Warrington Academy. The couple lived in Palgrave , Suffolk , where Rochemont opened a school for boys, which Anna also taught. Through regular visits to London Anna et al. a. the acquaintance of women authors such as Elizabeth Montagu , Hester Chapone and Hannah More .

In 1785 the school in Palgrave had to close, and after spending a year on the continent, the couple finally settled in Hampstead , where Rochemont ran a small community.

After the French Revolution , Anna published pamphlets and other political writings, including Sins of the Government, Sins of the Nation , with which Anna spoke out against the war with France. The Epistle to William Wilberforce (1791) was directed against the slave trade . Many of her poems appeared in Monthly Magazine , which her brother edited.

In 1802 Anna moved to Stoke Newington with her husband . In the following years she suffered from violent outbursts from her mentally ill husband until he was taken into custody. In 1808 Rochemont Barbauld committed suicide.

Anna Barbauld remained extremely productive literarily, edited Samuel Richardson's Letters (6 volumes, 1804) and the 50-volume anthology The British Novelists (1810), which she introduced with an essay on the genre of the novel. Her literary acquaintances now include Sir Walter Scott , William Wordsworth , Robert Southey , Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Samuel Rogers.

Anna died on March 9, 1825 in Stoke Newington. Her niece Lucy Aikin posthumously edited Anna Barbauld's Works (2 volumes, 1825).

Charles Lamb wrote a letter to Coleridge in 1802 about the literary qualities of Mrs. Barbauld and Mrs. Trimmer as authors of children's books: “May the devil fetch them [...]! These foolish women and their followers have made everything human in man and child rust and rot ... "

Literary work

Warrington Academy

Barbauld's literary career began in Warrington, at the academy, where her father was a director and teacher. A third of the poems she knows and half of the essays collected by her niece Lucy Aikin in 1825 date from her time in Warrington. This period of her creative output coincides with the epoch of sensitivity, a literary movement that was particularly well suited to the needs of the young author who was looking for social identity. Here she made the acquaintance of Joseph Priestley and his wife Mary, who became a kind of surrogate family for the pubescent Barbauld, which she even preferred to her biological family. It so happened that through Priestley's influence - as she is said to have once confided in him - she was encouraged to write poetry. Many of them - including On Mrs. P's leaving Warrington - she dedicated to the Priestleys or found their origin in Joseph Priestley's activity as a scientist or preacher - including The Mouse's Petition and An Address to the Deity . The first of her poems to be published appeared anonymously in the also anonymously published Essay on Song-Writing. With a Collection of Such English Songs as Are Most Eminent for Poetical Merit, to Which Are Added, Some Original Pieces (1772) by her brother John Aikin . He owed six of the original pieces to Barbauld. The work was part of the literary premiere of the brother, who for fear of bad criticism had renounced his name as an author. Two reviews, one of the very pro- establishment set Critical Review and the other from the Monthly Review , spoke to the author both good taste and critical knowledge about and compared the original pieces of works by William Congreve , John Dryden , Oliver Goldsmith and William Shenstone . A year later, after considerable reluctance on the part of Barbaulds, her first book Poems appeared , which was published under the name "Miss Aikin" and which proved to be highly successful. The first 500 copies were sold out within four months. Between 1773 and 1784 Poems was among the 15 percent of the most loaned books from the Bristol Circulating Library. Also in 1773 she published Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose with her brother John , which mainly contained essays by Barbaulds hand. These include a. On Romances, an Imitation and An Inquiry into those Kinds of Distress which excite agreeable Sensations . With the latter, she tied in with the aesthetic discussion of the sublime that Edmund Burke had taken up anew with his Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful . However, she highlighted the aspect of compassion, which is decisive for sensitivity, and pursued - following Francis Hutcheson - the question of how to deal productively with compassion in literary representations. William McCarthy attaches particular importance to her position as an essayist. Had more of her essays been preserved, McCarthy assumes that she would have been one of the classic British essayists - including David Hume , Joseph Addison and Charles Lamb .

Palgrave Academy

After her marriage to Rochemont Barbauld, she and her husband moved to Suffolk , where both worked as educators at the Palgrave Academy for boys. There she was entrusted with the processing of sermons and in 1775 published the volume Devotional Pieces, Compiled from the Psalms and the Book of Job , which she gave her father, the pastor and professor of theology at Warrington Academy, John Aikin, as a “testimony of admiration one of the most respectable characters ”on the part of“ his grateful and obedient daughter ”. This includes her essay on Thoughts on the Devotional Taste, on Sects and on Establishments - a further link to the aesthetic discourse of the time, in this case to the discussion about taste. Here, however, Barbauld did not refer to questions of literary aesthetics , but to the role of taste in the religious expression of piety. With this essay, Barbauld took up the religious debate that had sparked in non-conformist circles about the so-called extempore form of preaching . It was about the role of the enthusiastic form of piety and the threat it posed - as felt by her father, John Aikin and his Warrington colleagues - to the reasonable exercise of faith. Barbauld was aware of the political burden of this question in relation to the problematic integration of the nonconformist community into English society and, by curbing enthusiasm, sought to reconcile the categories of sensitivity and reason in the practice of faith. Her essay was heavily criticized by the nonconformists. Even Priestley completely opposed her argument, which he believed combined the two incompatible concepts of taste and piety. Subsequently, Thoughts on Devotion was to earn praise from the authors Mary Wollstonecraft and Harriet Martineau and even exert influence on Edmund Burke . After a long hiatus in which Barbauld had not published anything - a situation that can be traced back to her busy everyday life as an adoptive mother, educator and school administrator - she entered new literary territory in the form of Lessons for Children, from Two to Three Years Old (1778 ). This is a very personal account of the reading class she gave to her two-year-old adoptive son and nephew Charles Aikin. The book was published anonymously and was followed ten days later by a second, Lessons for Children of Three Years Old . In 1779 the third part, Lessons for Children, from Three to Four Years Old, appeared . Compared to earlier children's books, Lessons for Children were innovative in their reader-friendly sense. They did not contain the usual alphabets and syllable tables or the lists of sentences which Barbauld found too complex for the child's understanding. She put the pedagogical emphasis on the own experiences of her only child Charles. McCarthy recognizes in this the innovative character of her Lessons for Children , namely the insight that one can only learn from concrete situations. Hymns in Prose for Children followed in 1781 as a form of liturgy for their students. The book served as an introduction to Bible history, with references to creation and the Apocalypse through a language full of quotations and imitative style. Thanks to its translations into French, Italian, Spanish, Hungarian and German, the work became part of world literature as early as the 19th century. McCarthy even considers it possible that Friedrich Nietzsche could have read the German translation Gott in der Natur (1846) undertaken by the children's book author Thekla von Gumpert in his childhood, and draws parallels between hymns in Prose for Children and Nietzsche's work Also sprach Zarathustra .

Hampstead: political engagement

After spending a year abroad, the Barbaulds settled in Hampstead, where they spent the next 15 years. During this time decisive political events were taking place in England as well as on the continent, to which Anna Barbauld responded by writing pamphlets. She was involved in three different areas of everyday political life: the request to revoke the test acts , the bill for the abolition of the slave trade and the debate about the French Revolution .

Non-conformism

Her Protestant, nonconformist upbringing was formative for Barbauld's life and literary activity both in the political and in the discussion of literary aesthetics. She belonged to the third generation in a family of so-called dissenters ( nonconformists ). Both her grandfather and her father had been professors of theology, which is why Barbauld was well aware of the cultural and social implications, including all the principles of religious nonconformism . As promoters of religion, freedom, trade and education - especially evident in the increasing number of non-conformist learning institutions such as Warrington and Palgrave - English non-conformists dominated the economic landscape of England in the 18th century. Central to nonconformist upbringing was the ideal of freedom of conscience and empirical research. Barbauld's brother, John Aikin, is said to have internalized the principle of “free inquiry” so much, after his grandfather John Jennings, that Daniel E. White made him the founder of the modern seminar . As a result of the test acts issued by the English government, nonconformists saw themselves at a particular disadvantage in their social and political activities compared to the members of the Anglican community. In the context of the campaign for the revision of the test files from 1878–1890, Barbauld wrote a pamphlet in defense of the nonconformists after the request for revocation by parliament was finally refused. In An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts , she tries to convince parliament, and especially William Pitt, of the harmlessness of marginal dissenters for the establishment and the Anglican Church, by referring above all to the advantageous status of the Anglican Church refers. The text is pervaded by ironic phrases - as can be seen from the beginning:

" We thank you for the compliment paid the dissenters, when you suppose that the moment they are eligible to places of power and profit, all such places will at once be filled with them. "

"We thank you for the praise you give the nonconformists when you suspect that as soon as they have access to positions of power and offices, all of these will be filled by them immediately."

Slave trade

A subject of political controversy which, similar to the request to revoke the test files, seemed unsuccessful, was - as Barbauld's contemporary Elizabeth Nicholson recognized - the abolition of the slave trade. After William Wilberforce's bill against the slave trade was rejected on April 20, 1791, a poem by Barbauld followed in mid-June, entitled: An Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq. on the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade . As an opponent of the non-conformist request to revoke the test files, Wilberforce was not a political ally of Barbauld except on the issue of the slave trade. The serious tone she adopted in the poem testifies - as McCarthy postulates it - that Barbauld had relocated to her old position as an educator in Palgrave to advise the politician who was 15 years her junior. She praises Wilberforce and his ilk for their dedication, but remains pessimistic until the end of the poem:

" But seek no more to break a Nation's fall, / For ye have sav'd yourselves - and that is all. / Succeeding times your struggles, and their fate, / With mingled shame and triumph shall relate, / While faithful History, in her various page, / Marking the features of this motley age, / To shed a glory, / and to fix a stain, / Tells how you strove, and that you strove in vain. "

“But don't try to prevent the collapse of a nation anymore because you've saved yourself - and that's it. The times that follow will tell of your struggles and their fate with a mixture of shame and success, while the faithful story on its multiple side highlights the features of this foolish age of spreading fame and making a mark and tells of how you have strived and that you have striven in vain. "

An Epistle to William Wilberforce was welcomed by the abolitionists . Hannah More , considered one of the leading abolitionists among poets, was very grateful to Barbauld and Frances Burney considered the poem to be by far the best of her works.

British participation in the coalition wars

Another possibility for political engagement for Barbauld and her brother arose from that of the British King George III. on April 19, 1792 proclaimed fasting. This was to ensure success for the British nation marching to war against France . Barbauld's pamphlet Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation was published barely a month later ; or A Discourse for the Fast, Appointed on April 19, 1793 . With Aikin's own sermon, this was intended to represent the non-conformist dissatisfaction with British participation in the coalition wars. Barbauld called on the English citizen to become aware of his political duty and to take responsibility for the war campaign imposed by the government. She argued that by proclaiming fasting, the English king had democratically involved the people in government. Now it was up to the English people to act responsibly accordingly.

Stoke Newington and the end of a literary career

In March 1802, the Barbauld couple moved to Stoke Newington to settle near John Aikin after he became seriously ill. Barbauld stayed there until the end of her days. Here she took over her job in February 1804 as editor of Samuel Richardson's letters. In this way, Barbauld became the first person outside the Richardson family to inspect his documents. She was commissioned by the bookseller Richard Phillips to read a selection of letters and to begin with writing a biography of Richardson. The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson (1804) was very well received by critics. This was their first reviewed work in the United States. She received particular praise for her commentary on Richardson's hit novel Clarissa . With her contribution, Barbauld laid the foundations for future criticism of Richardson's works. It was even compared with Samuel Johnson , who had made a similar compilation with his The Lives of the English Poets . Book sellers in London were extremely pleased with Barbauld's success and three years later should ask them to help write prefaces for a joint project, a collection of English novels. The next year saw Barbauld's second company as editor in the form of Selections from the Spectator, Tatler, Guardian, and Freeholder, with a Preliminary Essay (1805), a three-volume selection of a few essays by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele that appeared in British journals The Tatler and The Spectator had appeared. Her last major commission was the aforementioned collection on The British Novelists (1810). This was a selection of English novels made by Barbauld, which was provided with their critical comments and biographical notes. The collection consists of 50 volumes and performs the most famous novels of Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding , Frances Brooke , Tobias Smollett , Henry Mackenzie , Oliver Goldsmith , Horace Walpole , John Moore, Samuel Johnson, Ann Radcliffe , Elizabeth Inchbald , Frances D'Arblay under other popular authors. The choices she made were innovative compared to previous anthologies of English novels - including The Novelist's Magazine and The Poetical Works of Select British Poets and Select Novels - in that, on the one hand, all of the authors listed by Barbauld were actually of British origin, and on the other, with her nine new authors appeared who were not mentioned in the other collections. This was particularly true of women writers such as Elizabeth Inchbald, Ann Radcliffe, and Maria Edgeworth. McCarthy particularly highlights Barbauld's achievement because her collection helps trace the sociological history of the development of novel writing in England. Thus the statement was that the leading novelists in Barbauld's day were women.

The year 1812 marked the end of her writing career with the publication of her political poem Eighteen Hundred and Eleven . In this poem you find a continuation of displeasure with the war against France, which was first expressed in Sins of the Nation . The war was in its 20th year and Britain seemed unsuccessful. Barbauld was confronted with the compulsive change in the Enlightenment understanding of history. It was the failure of an affirmative teleology . In this sense, she equated the British Empire with a once blooming flower that was exposed to transience:

" But fairest flowers expand but to decay; / The worm is in thy core, thy glories pass away; / Arts, arms and wealth destroy the fruits they bring; / Commerce, like beauty, knows no second spring. "

“But the most beautiful flowers spread to decay; / In your core is the worm, your fame passes; / Arts, weapons and wealth destroy the proceeds they produce; / Commerce, like beauty, doesn't know a second spring. "

With 334 verses, Eighteen Hundred and Eleven was her longest poem. She had it published at the end of November. She sent a copy to her former student, William Taylor , asking him to use his talent as a writer for the cause of peace. The poem's positive reviews - including one in the pacifist Monthly Repository , in which even a longer poem was requested - were overshadowed by extremely harsh criticism from other authors and former students such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth . With the nickname "the Kassandra of the state" assigned to her, Barbauld became the target of attacks that have become personal. She was now treated like an "obtrusive, outdated school teacher" whose former literary talent was suddenly misunderstood by her attempt to "save the nation with a versed pamphlet". Barbauld reacted passively to this defensive stance. She did not publish an explanation or an adaptation. There followed no separate publications on your part. Personally, however, this left deep marks: She fell into a deep depression.

Evaluation by modern research

The products of Barbauld's literary work are particularly valuable because of her unique position as a writer of nonconformist origins, who grew up in a learned environment and dedicated most of her life to educating young people. As a result of McCarthy and Elizabeth Kraft's so-called "Great Awakening, the New Feminist Theory of Literature," which took place in the 1970s, Barbauld was rescued from oblivion to which she had been a victim since Victorian times. At first her work was only examined from a feminist perspective, but then a broader spectrum of thematic areas emerged, to which Barbauld's versatile work could be assigned. In addition to the gender issue, it was of particular importance because of its intermediate position between the Enlightenment and Romantic eras - especially in the areas of literary aesthetics, politics, religion, philosophy and education. Daniel P. Watkins describes her as a “visionary poet” because of her socially oriented literary commitment, who intended to question the passive understanding and acceptance of convention through “unified poetic statements, in order to create imaginary spaces for the restoration of reality.” Daniel E. White emphasizes its importance in the religious field, insofar as it sought to promote a popular and affective version of nonconformism through the aesthetic treatment of the extempore form of the sermon, which would enable easier integration into English society. McCarthy also justifies the importance of the literary production of Barbauld and her brother in their endeavor to participate in all literary aesthetic, philosophical and political debates and discussions of the time - which can be clearly seen in their first joint contribution, Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose .

Publications

Unless otherwise noted, the titles listed here are from Wolicky's entry on Barbauld in the Dictionary of Literary Biography :

• 1768 : Corsica: An Ode
• 1773 : Poems
• 1773: Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose (with John Aikin)
• 1775 : Devotional Pieces, Compiled from the Psalms and the Book of the Job
• 1778 : Lessons for Children of Two to Three Years Old (London: J. Johnson)
• 1778: Lessons for Children of Three Years Old (London: J. Johnson)
• 1779 : Lessons for Children from Three to Four Years Old (London: J. Johnson)
• 1781 : Hymns in Prose for Children (London: J. Johnson)
• 1787 : Lessons for Children , Part Three (London: J. Johnson)
• 1788 : Lessons for Children , Part Four (London: J. Johnson)
• 1790 : An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts
• 1791 : An Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq. on the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade (London: J. Johnson)
• 1792 : Civic Sermons to the People
• 1792: Poems. A new edition, corrected. To which is added, An Epistle to William Wilberforce (London: J. Johnson)
• 1792: Remarks on Mr. Gilbert Wakefield's Inquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Public or Social Worship (London: J. Johnson)
• 1792– 1796 : Evenings at Home, or The Juvenile Budget Opened (with John Aikin, six volumes)
• 1793 : Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation (1793)
• 1794 : Reasons for National Penitence Recommended for the Fast Appointed on February 28, 1794
• 1798 : "What is Education?" Monthly Magazine 5
• 1800 : Odes, by George Dyer , M. Robinson, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, J. Ogilvie, & c. (Ludlow: G. Nicholson)
• 1802 : The Arts of Life (with John Aikin)
• 1804 : The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson. . . to which are prefixed, a biographical account of that author, and observations on his writing , (London: Richard Phillips; edited with a substantial biographical introduction, six volumes)
• 1805 : Selections from the Spectator, Tatler, Guardian, and Freeholder, with a Preliminary Essay (London: J. Johnson; edited with an introduction, three volumes)
• 1805: The Poetical Works of Mark Akenside (London: W. Suttaby; edited)
• 1810 : The British Novelists; with an essay; and Prefaces, Biographical and Critical, by Mrs. Barbauld , (London: FC & J. Rivington; edited with a comprehensive introductory essay and introductions to each author, 50 volumes)
• 1810: An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Novel-Writing
• 1811 : The Female Speaker; or, Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose and Verse, Selected from the Best Writers, and Adapted to the Use of Young Women (London: J. Johnson; edited)
• 1812 : Eighteen Hundred and Eleven (London: J. Johnson)
• 1825 : The Works of Anna Laetitia Barbauld. With a Memoir by Lucy Aikin , Volume 1 (London: Longman; edited by Barbauld's niece, Lucy Aikin)
• 1826 : A Legacy for Young Ladies, Consisting of Miscellaneous Pieces, in Prose and Verse (London: Longman; edited by Barbauld's niece, Lucy Aikin, after Barbauld's death)

Individual evidence

1. ^ William McCarthy: Mother of All Discourses: Anna Barbauld's Lessons for Children. In: Donelle Ruwe (ed.): Culturing the Child, 1690-1914: Essays in Memory of Mitzi Myers. The Children's Literature Association and the Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD 2005.
2. ^ Isobel Armstrong: The Gush of the Feminine: How Can We Read Women's Poetry of the Romantic Period? In: Paula R. Feldman, Theresa M. Kelley (Eds.): Romantic Women Writers: Voices and Countervoices. University Press of New England, Hanover 1995. Anne K. Mellor: A Criticism of Their Own: Romantic Women Literary Critics. In: John Beer (Ed.): Questioning Romanticism. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore 1995.
3. ^ Anne Janowitz: Women Romantic Poets: Anna Barbauld and Mary Robinson. Northcote House, Tavistock 2003.
4. ^ William McCarthy, Elizabeth Kraft (ed.): Anna Letitia Barbauld: Selected Poetry and Prose. Broadview Press, Peterborough 2002, p. 160.
5. ^ Joseph Johnson, London 1793.
6. ↑ Quoted from Paul Hazard (1952: 55)
7. ^ William McCarthy: Anna Letitia Barbauld. Voice of the Enlightenment. Maryland 2008, p. 62.
8. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 70.
9. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 73.
10. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 76.
11. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 75.
12. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 107.
13. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 111.
14. ^ Anna Letitia Barbauld: Selected poetry and prose. Edited by William McCarthy, Elizabeth Kraft. Ontario 2002, p. 195. McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 112.
15. ↑ Barbauld: Selected poetry and prose. 2002, p. Xvi.
16. ^ ^{A b} McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 149.
17. ^ Daniel E. White: Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent. Cambridge 2006, p. 43.
18. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 150.
19. ^ White: Early Romanticism and Religious dissent. 2006, p. 50.
20. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 163.
21. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 190.
22. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 233.
23. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 191.
24. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 194.
25. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 195.
26. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 216.
27. ^ William McCarthy: How Dissent made Anna Letitia Barbauld, and what she made of Dissent. In: Felicity James; Ian Inkster (Ed.): Religious Dissent and the Aikin-Barbauld Circle, 1740-1860. Cambridge 2012, p. 55.
28. ^ White: Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent. 2006, p. 17.
29. ^ White: Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent. 2006, p. 26.
30. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 270.
31. ^ Anna Barbauld: An Address to the Opposers to the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts. 1790, pp. 6-8 ( Eighteenth Century Collections Online ).
32. ^ Anna Barbauld: An Address. 1790, p. 6.
33. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 291.
34. ^ ^{A b} McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 295.
35. ^ Anna Barbauld: An Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq. on the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade. In: McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 299.
36. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 299.
37. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 332.
38. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 333.
39. ^ ^{A b} McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 419.
40. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 423.
41. ^ ^{A b} McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 426.
42. ^ Anna Barbauld: Eighteen Hundred and Eleven. In: Duncan Wu (Ed.): Romanticism. An Anthology. Blackwell 1998, p. 18, lines 29-32.
43. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 467.
44. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 476.
45. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 477.
46. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 481.
47. ^ ^{A b} McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. Xvii.
48. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. Xviii.
49. ^ Daniel P. Watkins: Anna Letitia Barbauld and Eighteenth-Century Visionary Poetics. Maryland 2012, p. 3.
50. ^ White: Early Romanticism and Religious dissent. 2006, p. 43.
51. ^ McCarthy: Voice of the Enlightenment. 2008, p. 113.
52. ↑ ^{a b c d e} For the dating of these works, see Myers.
53. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Daniel E. White: Selected Bibliography: Anna Letitia Barbauld (1743–1825). June 15, 2002, accessed January 8, 2009 . 

literature

• Isobel Armstrong: The Gush of the Feminine: How Can we Read Women's Poetry of the Romantic Period? In: Paula R. Feldman, Theresa M. Kelley (Eds.): Romantic Women Writers: Voices and Countervoices. University Press of New England, Hanover 1995.
• Christoph Bode: Ad Fontes! Remarks on the Temporalization of Space in Hemans (1829), Bruce (1790), and Barbauld (1812). In: Romanticism: The Journal of Romantic Culture and Criticism. 10: 1 (2004), pp. 63-78.
• Paul Hazard : Children, Books, and Tall People. Foreword by Erich Kästner. Translated from the French by Harriet Wegener. Hoffmann and Campe Verlag, Hamburg 1952.
• Anne Janowitz: Women Romantic Poets: Anna Barbauld and Mary Robinson. Northcote House, Tavistock 2003.
• William McCarthy: Mother of All Discourses: Anna Barbauld's Lessons for Children. In: Donelle Ruwe (ed.): Culturing the Child, 1690-1914: Essays in Memory of Mitzi Myers . Scarecrow, Lanham, MD 2005, pp. 85-111.
• William McCarthy: Anna Letitia Barbauld: voice of the enlightenment. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, Md. 2008, ISBN 978-0-8018-9016-1 .
• William McCarthy: How Dissent made Anna Letitia Barbauld, and what she made of Dissent. In: Felicity James, Ian Inkster (eds.): Religious Dissent and the Aikin-Barbauld Circle , 1740-1860. Cambridge 2012.
• Anne K. Mellor: A Criticism of Their Own: Romantic Women Literary Critics. In: John Beer (ed.): Questioning Romanticism. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore 1995.
• Samuel Pickering: Mrs. Barbauld's Hymns in Prose: 'An Air-Blown Particle' of Romanticism? In: Southern Humanities Review. 9 (Summer 1975), pp. 259-268.
• Kathryn J. Ready: 'What then, Poor Beastie!': Gender, Politics, and Animal Experimentation in Anna Barbauld's 'The Mouse's Petition' . In: Eighteenth-Century Life. 28: 1 (2004 Winter), pp. 92-114.
• Betsy Rodgers: Georgian Chronicle: Mrs. Barbauld and Her Family. Methuen, London 1958.
• Tales, Poems, and Essays by Anna Laetitia Barbauld, with a Biographical Sketch by Grace A. Oliver. Roberts, Boston 1884.
• Daniel P. Watkins: Anna Letitia Barbauld and Eighteenth-Century Visionary Poetics. Maryland 2012, ISBN 978-1-4214-0458-5 .
• Daniel E. White: Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent. Cambridge 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-15322-5 .
• Duncan Wu: Romanticism. An Anthology. Blackwell 1998.

Web links

Commons : Anna Laetitia Barbauld  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Works by and about Anna Laetitia Barbauld  in the German Digital Library
• Anna Laetitia Barbauld in the catalog of the SUB Göttingen
• Anna Laetitia Aikin Barbauld (1743–1825) Information about life and work at The Celebration of Women Writers (English)