Annus Mundi
Annus mundi ( Latin for "year of the world", "world year" or "since the creation of the world "; often in ablativus temporis : anno mundi , abbreviated AM or AM or A. M. ) is a name for counting the years from the determined time of the biblical Creation . The Latin phrases ab origine mundi , ab creatione mundi , orbis conditi or ab orbis conditi initio have the same meaning .
history
The counting of the years since creation was common in Judaism , early Christianity and the Eastern Churches and continues in Judaism to this day. In the Latin Church , from the 7th century, the year counting Anno Domini or Anno Salutis from the determined time of the birth of Christ , as introduced by the monk Dionysius Exiguus in 525, became common. Since the Hebrew Masoretic Text , the Hebrew Samaritan Pentateuch , the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate contain information on the chronology of genealogies that can be interpreted differently and differ from each other by almost 1500 years in the old Bible translations, the biblical age of the world became again and again indicated differently. The Jewish era, the early Christian era and the Byzantine era are widespread, with the year counting beginning with the year 3761, 5199 or 5509 before the birth of Christ. The beginning of the year, the epoch , is not to be equated with the first day of creation, which falls on a different date within this calendar.
Jewish era
The beginning of the Jewish era, 1st Tishri of the year 1 AM, corresponds in the Julian calendar to Sunday, October 6th (September 6th greg. ), 11:11 p.m., 3761 BC. The date change takes place in the Julian calendar at midnight, which is why according to the Jewish day count, taking into account the date change on the previous evening, October 7th July. / 7. September greg. had started. It should be noted that this date is almost a year before the traditionally accepted date for the creation of the world (the 25th Elul 1 AM).
Early Christian Era
The early Christian chroniclers Eusebius of Caesarea (around 325) and Hieronymus (around 380), who based themselves on the Greek Septuagint, dated the birth of Christ to the year 5200 AM and thus the creation to the year 5199 BC. They were followed by early editions of the Martyrologium Romanum or the Irish annals of the four masters . Beda Venerabilis , on the other hand, estimated the day of creation to be March 18, 3952 BC. Chr.
Alexandrian era
The Alexandrian era was calculated by Panodorus of Alexandria . It begins on March 19 or August 29, 5492 BC. Chr.
Byzantine era
In contrast to the early Christian chroniclers, according to the chronology in the Byzantine Empire or in the Greco-Byzantine calendar, the birth of Christ was set in the year 5510 AM and thus the year 5509 BC. Calculated as the year of creation. The calculation according to world years was already common in the Christian East, but the year 5509 BC was changed. BC (calculation based on the Constantinople era ) canonized only by the Chronicon Paschale (early 7th century AD). This census followed (until 1700) also Russia . The Constantinople epoch on September 1st, 5508 BC. BC is one and a half years after the epoch of Chronicon Paschale on March 21, 5509 BC. Chr.
Freemasons
The year 4000 BC has been valid for Freemasons since the 18th century . Chr. As the year of the creation of the world (Anno Lucis) . You consequently add 4000 years to the current calendar year, and so, for example, 2015 AD becomes 6015 AL.
Further
Joseph Justus Scaliger determined the creation date to be 3950 BC in 1583 . When he created a coherent chronology of historical events for Pope Gregory XIII. created.
Also the 1650 created Ussher chronology of James Ussher provides a chronology of world history since creation. This is on Saturday, October 22 v 4004th Chr. (Equivalent to 20 September 4003 v. Chr. In the Gregorian calendar ) dates. John Lightfoot, on the other hand, calculated the year 3929 BC. Chr. As the year of creation.
According to the Raelian belief , creation took place around the year 20,000 BC. Instead of.
In the Ethiopian calendar “years of the world” is the name for the years before the birth of Christ. This is set seven years later than in the west.
See also
literature
- Ludwig Basnizki : The Jewish calendar. Origin and structure . Jewish publishing house, Frankfurt 1989, ISBN 3-633-54154-3 . Pp. 27-30
- Anthony Bryer: Chronology and Dating . In: Elizabeth M. Jeffreys , John Haldon, Robin Cormack (Eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies . Oxford University Press, Oxford et al. 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-925246-6 , pp. 31ff.
- Hermann Grotefend : Pocket book of the calculation of the German Middle Ages and the modern times , 13th edition, Hahn, Hannover 1991, ISBN 3-7752-5177-4 . P. 11
Individual evidence
- ↑ A comparative tabular overview can be found in en: Genealogies of Genesis .
- ↑ Biblische Chronologie , Tübingen 1851, page i of the preface. On-line
- ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology, Vol. 2 . VIII, § 150 .
- ↑ Epochs and eras, etc. a. Alexandrian and Byzantine World Era ( Memento of May 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed March 8, 2020
- ↑ Epochs and eras, etc. a. Alexandrian and Byzantine World Era ( Memento of May 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed March 8, 2020
- ↑ The Masonic calendar in the Masonic Wiki
- ↑ Explanation on the website of the Swiss Grand Lodge Alpina ( Memento from May 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Raëliens on Relinfo.ch