Holocene Calendar
The Holocene calendar (also Human or Holocene era , from English Human Era or Holocene Era , short HE ) is a system of year counting (calendar era ), in which exactly 10,000 years are added to the year of the calendar "after the birth of Christ" .
The beginning of this era therefore lies roughly at the beginning of the geological epoch, the Holocene and the Neolithic Revolution .
The Holocene calendar was proposed by Cesare Emiliani in 1993 AD (11993 HE) .
motivation
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a calendar reform is an attempt to solve several problems with the Christian era “before” and “after Christ” . These problems include:
- The Christian calendar is based on an incorrect estimate of the year of birth of Jesus Christ . This is placed on the year 1 AD . However, according to today's scientific assessment, it was in the period between 7 BC. BC and 4 BC Born in BC , whereas Lk 2.2 EU would suggest 6 AD as the year of birth (first census under Quirinius ).
- The (assumed) year of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is irrelevant for many civilizations and a less universally relevant, epochal event than the beginning of the geological epoch of the Holocene or the Neolithic Revolution. Expressions like before / (after) our time (reckoning) or before / (after) the (usual) time reckoning or before / after the turning point only suggest a universal character.
- The years v. Chr. Must be counted down, if one moves from the past to the future, the year is 44 BC. After the year 250 BC Chr.
- The Gregorian calendar does not have a year zero . That on the year 1 BC Immediately following AD 1, it is difficult to determine the time interval between two events that occur before and after the birth of Christ. Many historical regimes and people's lives extended beyond this time limit.
- In addition, the astronomical year count is the year 1 BC. Chr. Counts as year zero (+0), which can cause further confusion. So the year 753 BC becomes. Written there −752. (See the table; cf. also the dates of the founding of Rome ).
Instead, in the Holocene calendar, the beginning of the calendar or the year 1 is set to the year 10,000 BC. BC placed. This is an approximate estimate of the beginning of the current geological epoch, the Holocene . This determination is based on the scientific assumption that human civilization (e.g. the first settlements , agriculture, etc.) originated at this time.
advantages
Proponents of the Holocene calendar argue that it would facilitate geological , archaeological , dendrochronological and historical dating, and would base the calculation on a more universally relevant event. All important events in human history could then be represented with a simple scale of increasing years. Smaller years would always come before higher ones. Since the human era begins before all other annual counts used, the Holocene calendar can also be used as a useful conversion and comparison scale. So it could also be helpful in calendaring .
conversion
To convert from the Julian and Gregorian calendar to the Holocene calendar, 10,000 is added to the number of years "after the birth of Christ". The year 2020 AD is converted into a Holocene year by putting the number 1 in front of it: 12020 HE.
The years "before the birth of Christ" are obtained by subtracting 10,001. Alternatively, you can subtract the year after the astronomical year count from 10,000. As a simple check of the correct conversion, you can make sure that the last digit of the year “v. Chr. “And the year number in the Holocene calendar added 1 or 11 results.
| Holocene Calendar / Holocene / Human Era |
Gregorian / Julian calendar |
Astronomical year count | event |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20000 BHE | 30001 BC Chr. | −30000 | Pleistocene |
| 0 U | 10001 BC Chr. | −10000 | Approximate beginning of the Holocene |
| 1 U | 10000 BC Chr. | −9999 | |
| 1001 HE | 9000 BC Chr. | −8999 | Creation of Jerichos , an early city-like settlement |
| 4001 HE | 6000 BC Chr. | −5999 | First proven copper processing in the Middle East , beginning of the Copper Age |
| 5288 HE | 4713 BC Chr. | −4712 | Beginning of the Julian date |
| 6240 HE | 3761 BC Chr. | −3760 | Beginning of the Jewish era in Anno Mundi |
| 6916 HE | 3085 BC Chr. | −3084 | Unification of Egypt under Pharaoh Narmer / Menes |
| 7001 HE | 3000 BC Chr. | −2999 | Beginning of the Indus culture |
| 7281 HE | 2720 BC Chr. | −2719 | Reign of Pharaoh Djoser , construction of the first pyramid |
| 7301 HE | 2700 BC Chr. | −2699 | |
| 8209 HE | 1792 BC Chr. | −1791 | Birth of Hammurabi |
| 8301 HE | 1700 BC Chr. | −1699 | Extinction of the last mammoth population on Wrangel Island |
| 8622 HE | 1379 BC Chr. | −1378 | Akhenaten becomes Pharaoh |
| 9225 HE | 776 BC Chr. | −775 | Beginning of the first Olympiad with the first ancient Olympic Games |
| 9241 HE | 760 BC Chr. | -759 | |
| 9246 HE | 755 BC Chr. | -754 | Founding of Rome after Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus |
| 9247 HE | 754 BC Chr. | -753 | Founding of Rome after Lucius Tarrutius |
| 9248 HE | 753 BC Chr. | −752 | Legendary foundation of Rome , beginning of the Varronic era from urbe condita |
| 9249 HE | 752 BC Chr. | −751 | Foundation of Rome according to the Catonian / Capitoline count in the first year of the 7th Olympiad |
| 9250 HE | 751 BC Chr. | −750 | Foundation of Rome according to Polybius |
| 9401 HE | 600 BC Chr. | −599 | |
| 9450 HE | 551 BC Chr. | −550 | Birth of Confucius |
| 9457 HE | 544 BC Chr. | −543 | Alleged death of Siddhartha Gautama , beginning of the Buddhist calendar |
| 9665 HE | 323 BC Chr. | −322 | Death of Alexander the Great in Babylon |
| 9780 HE | 221 BC Chr. | −220 | Establishment of the Chinese Empire by the Qin Dynasty |
| 9783 HE | 218 BC Chr. | −217 | Invasion of Hannibal in the Second Punic War |
| 9956 HE | 45 BC Chr. | −44 | Calendar reform of Gaius Iulius Caesar |
| 9957 HE | 44 BC Chr. | −43 | Assassination of Caesar on the Ides of March |
| 9974 HE | 27 BC Chr. | −26 | Establishment of the principate under Augustus |
| 9996 HE | 5 v. Chr. | −4 | Approximate year of birth of Jesus of Nazareth |
| 9999 HE | 2 v. Chr. | −1 | |
| 10000 U | 1 v. Chr. | 0 | Year zero according to ISO 8601 and the astronomical year counting ; possible reference point of the unit mya |
| 10001 HE | 1 AD | 1 | Beginning of the Christian calendar Anno Domini / Anno Salutis |
| 10002 HE | 2 AD | 2 | |
| 10006 HE | 6 AD | 6th | First Roman census in Judea under Publius Sulpicius Quirinius |
| 10014 HE | 14 AD | 14th | Death of Emperor Augustus |
| 10030 HE | 30 AD | 30th | Likely year of Jesus' crucifixion |
| 10284 HE | 284 ad | 284 | Accession to the throne of the Roman emperor Diocletian , beginning of the era of the martyrs Anno Diocletiani |
| 10476 HE | 476 ad | 476 | Fall of West Rome |
| 10535 HE | 535 AD | 535 | Weather anomaly of 535/536 |
| 10536 HE | 536 AD | 536 | |
| 10622 HE | 622 AD | 622 | Emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina ( Hijra ), beginning of the Islamic calendar and year 1 in the Iranian calendar |
| 10632 HE | 632 AD | 632 | Death of Muhammad, beginning of Islamic expansion |
| 10800 U | 800 AD | 800 | Imperial coronation of Charlemagne |
| 11066 HE | 1066 AD | 1066 | Norman conquest of England |
| 11096 HE | 1096 AD | 1096 | Beginning of the First Crusade |
| 11291 HE | 1291 AD | 1291 | Legendary foundation of Switzerland through the Rütli oath |
| 11347 HE | 1347 AD | 1347 | Black death in Asia and Europe |
| 11353 HE | 1353 AD | 1353 | |
| 11453 HE | 1453 AD | 1453 | Fall of Constantinople |
| 11492 HE | 1492 AD | 1492 | Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus |
| 11517 HE | 1517 AD | 1517 | Beginning of the Reformation |
| 11540 HE | 1540 AD | 1540 | Conquest of Monemvasia by the Ottoman Empire , final end of the Byzantine Empire |
| 11582 HE | 1582 AD | 1582 | Introduction of the Gregorian calendar |
| 11618 HE | 1618 AD | 1618 | Thirty Years' War |
| 11648 HE | 1648 AD | 1648 | |
| 11776 HE | 1776 AD | 1776 | United States Declaration of Independence |
| 11789 HE | 1789 AD | 1789 | Storming of the Bastille , beginning of the French Revolution ; Year 1 on the positivist calendar |
| 11792 HE | 1792 AD | 1792 | Tuileries Tower , foundation of the first French republic ; Year I according to the French revolutionary calendar |
| 11800 HE | 1800 AD | 1800 | Approximate start of industrialization |
| 11804 HE | 1804 AD | 1804 | Imperial coronation of Napoleon I ; Proclamation of the Roman-German Emperor Franz II as Emperor of Austria |
| 11806 HE | 1806 AD | 1806 | Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation |
| 11815 HE | 1815 AD | 1815 | Battle of Waterloo |
| 11816 HE | 1816 AD | 1816 | Year without a summer, eighteen hundred frosts |
| 11848 HE | 1848 AD | 1848 | March Revolution |
| 11871 HE | 1871 AD | 1871 | Forging a German Empire |
| 11912 HE | 1912 AD | 1912 | Sinking of the RMS Titanic ; Birth of Kim Il-sung and the Xinhai revolution in China (beginning of the Juche and Minguo calendars ) |
| 11914 HE | 1914 AD | 1914 | First World War |
| 11918 HE | 1918 AD | 1918 | |
| 11917 HE | 1917 AD | 1917 | February and October revolutions in Russia |
| 11918 HE | 1918 AD | 1918 | November Revolution in Germany |
| 11919 HE | 1919 AD | 1919 | Adoption of the Weimar Constitution , beginning of the Weimar Republic |
| 11933 HE | 1933 AD | 1933 | Seizure of power by the Nazis , end of the Weimar Republic |
| 11938 HE | 1938 AD | 1938 | Union of Austria , Reichspogromnacht |
| 11939 HE | 1939 AD | 1939 | Second World War |
| 11945 HE | 1945 AD | 1945 | |
| 11949 HE | 1949 AD | 1949 | Foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR as well as the Council of Europe |
| 11950 HE | 1950 AD | 1950 | Reference point of the Before Present timescale and the unit mya |
| 11951 HE | 1951 AD | 1951 | Establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community |
| 11955 HE | 1955 AD | 1955 | Austrian State Treaty : Republic of Austria regains full sovereignty |
| 11962 HE | 1962 AD | 1962 | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| 11969 HE | 1969 AD | 1969 | First moon landing |
| 11989 HE | 1989 AD | 1989 | Turning point and peaceful revolution in the GDR ; Beginning of the Heisei period in Japan |
| 11990 HE | 1990 AD | 1990 | German reunification |
| 11993 HE | 1993 c. | 1993 | Presentation of the Holocene calendar by Cesare Emiliani |
| 12001 HE | 2001 AD | 2001 | terror attacs at the 11th September 2001 |
| 12002 HE | 2002 AD | 2002 | Introduction of the euro |
| 12010 HE | 2010 AD | 2010 | Beginning of the Arab Spring |
| 12020 HE | 2020 AD | 2020 | current year; possible reference point of the unit mya |
| 20000 U | 10000 AD | 10,000 | Anthropocene ? / Psychozoic ? |
Trivia
- The film 10,000 BC by Roland Emmerich takes place in year 1 of the Holocene calendar.
- That of Robert E. Howard conceived Hyborian era in which the adventures of the barbarian hero Conan play is to the epoch settled the Holocene calendar.
- In the Davidian Martian calendar proposed by David Powell , the human era of the Holocene calendar is adapted for Mars .
- According to Hanns Hörbiger's world ice theory , the moon was captured by the earth around the year 1 HE, causing Atlantis to set.
- According to Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy, too, the fall of Atlantis took place around the year 1 HE. This is equated there with the flood . Until the 19th century, with reference to the Flood, the Holocene was referred to as Alluvium (Latin for "age of alluvial water ") and the Pleistocene as Diluvium ( Latin diluere , washing away = flood ), e.g. B. by the British geologist William Buckland 1823.
- The Design Studio In short there since 12017 HE (2017 n. Chr.) Every year at New Year a limited edition of the Holocene calendar out. The Ártala calendar also uses the Human / Holocene era in combination with a reconstructed Germanic lunisolar calendar .
See also
literature
- David Ewing Duncan: The Calendar: The 5000-year Struggle to Align the Clock and the Heavens - and What Happened to the Missing Ten Days . Ed .: Fourth Estate Ltd. 1999, ISBN 1-85702-979-8 , pp. 331-332 .
- Duncan Steel: Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar . Ed .: John Wiley and Sons. 2000, ISBN 0-471-40421-7 , pp. 149-151 ( books.google.com ).
- Günther A. Wagner: Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology . Ed .: Springer. 1998, ISBN 3-540-63436-3 , pp. 48 ( books.google.com ).
- News & Comment . In: Geology Today . tape 20 , no. 3 , May 2004, pp. 89-96 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x .
Videos
- A New History for Humanity - The Human Era on YouTube by Kurzgesagt - In a Nutshell , English with German subtitles
- A new human history - The era of humans explained on YouTube by things - in short , German
- Human Era Complete on YouTube by Aquarius Risen, English
- Holocene Epoch - Holocene Calendar on YouTube , overview of historical events dated according to the Holocene calendar, English
Web links
- Website about the Holocene calendar , English (including timeline and year converter)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cesare Emiliani: Calendar Reform , In: Nature, Volume 366, Issue 6457, 23./30. December 1993, p. 716. bibcode : 1993Natur.366..716E
- ↑ Elberfeld Bible: with explanations , SCM R. Brockhaus, Witten 2008, ISBN 978-3-417-25975-9 .
- ↑ According to current knowledge, he actually died in 483 BC. Chr. (9518 HE).
- ↑ The Hyborian Age in the Eridu Wiki.
- ↑ Davidian Martian Calendar in Calendar Wiki and AKDave Wiki , (English).
- ↑ Fantastische Tiefkühlkost , article on time online from issue No. 34/2015 of August 20, 2015, accessed on March 8, 2020
- ↑ Sintflut # Anthroposophical declaration in the AnthroWiki
- ↑ Jana Husmann: Black and White Symbols. Dualistic traditions of thought and the imagination of “race”. Religion - Science - Anthroposophy. transcript, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-8394-1349-4 , p. 268 ff.
- ↑ Cees Leijenhorst: Anthroposophy. In: Wouter J. Hanegraaff (Ed.): Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2005, pp. 85f.
- ↑ Johann Mathesius, Martinus Oberdorffer: Diluvium: Historia, has ... the flood, characterized ... erseufft God a terrible example of his wrath against sin, times to Noah, the first unrepentant world . Ed. Johann, Rosen, 1605.
- ^ Franz Eugen Geinitz: The Diluvium of Germany. E. Swiss beard, 1920.
- ^ Wilhelm Weiler: Pliocene and Diluvium in southern Rheinhessen. In: Notes from the Hessian State Office for Soil Research. Volume 80, 1952, pp. 147-170.
- ↑ The 12.019 calendar IS HERE - A new calendar for humanity on YouTube , in English with German subtitles
- ↑ The 12.020 calendar for the era of man in space on YouTube , in English with German subtitles
- ↑ ÁRTALA - The bound lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples