31st century BC Chr.

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The 31st century BC Chr. Began v on 1 January 3100 product. And ended on December 31, 3001 BC. This corresponds to the period 5050 to 4951 before today or the interval 4451 to 4393 radiocarbon years .

Age / Epoch

• Subboreal (3710-450 BC).
• Late Neolithic in Central Europe (3500 to 2800 BC) and Nordic Middle Neolithic in Northern Europe (3300 to 2350 BC)
• Pre-palace period in Crete .

Events / developments

Magnificent palette of the Pharaoh Narmer

• The early phase of the Stonehenge complex, with a circular earth wall and a moat, was dated to approx. 3100 BC. Dated.
• 31st century BC Chr .:
  • In Egypt people write on soapstone and similar materials.
  • The first document, undoubtedly written in Sumerian , is found in Jemdet Nasr .
• Around 3100 BC Chr .:
  • Kiš is founded in Mesopotamia .
• Around 3085/3080 BC Chr .:
  • In the Nile Valley of predynastic Egypt , two kingdoms were formed, Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta and Upper Egypt . At the end of the 4th millennium, both kingdoms became around 3085 BC. United by Pharaoh Narmer / Menes , founding of Memphis as the capital. The Egyptian empire extends to Sinai . The rulers are buried in mastabas , the forerunners of the pyramids .
• 3050 BC Chr .:
  • The world's oldest living tree, a long-lived pine ( Pinus longaeva ), is beginning to grow in the White Mountains of California .

Personalities

• The mythical King Etana rules Kiš

Pharaohs of Egypt

• Hedju-Hor (around 3200/3150 BC)
• Ni-Hor (around 3220 to 3175 BC)
• Double falcon (around 3230/3100 BC)
• Hat Hor (around 3210/3100 BC)
• Crocodile (around 3160/3100 BC)
• Scorpio II (around 3025 BC, but also dated around 3200 or around 3100 BC)
• Ka (around 3020 BC, but also around 3125 BC)

First dynasty:

• Narmer (around 3100/3000 BC, but also 3185/3150 to 3125 BC)
• Hor Aha (3000 to 2980 BC, also 3125 to 3100 BC)
• Djer (2980 to 2960 BC, also 3100 to 3055 BC)
• Wadji (2960 to 2930 BC, also 3055 to 3050 BC)
• Meritneith - wife of Wadji
• Den (2930 to 2910 BC, 3050 to 2995 BC)

Note: The years of reign of the pharaohs cannot be precisely determined in this century. Therefore, these are approximate estimates. The dates of the 1st dynasty are also very different.

Faience vessel fragment bearing the name of Hor Aha (British Museum, London)

Inventions / discoveries

• Around 3100 BC Chr .:
  • Numerical script in Mesopotamia and a little later in Egypt (around 3000 BC)
• Around 3000 BC Chr .:
  • First clear evidence of the Egyptian game of Senet (possibly dating back to 3500 BC).

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Capsia (9000 to 3000 BC) in Algeria and Tunisia
• Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site
• In Nubia from 3200 BC An organized society, which, however, lasted until 2600 BC. Remains a vassal of Upper Egypt
• In Egypt the Naqada III period (3200 to 3050/3000 BC) is coming to an end
  • Naqada-III b1 (3120-3080 BC)
  • Naqada-III b2 (3080 to 3050 BC)
  • 0th Dynasty (3120 to 3080 BC)
  • The early dynastic period (and thus the 1st dynasty ) begins around 3080 BC. A

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

• Late Uruk period in Mesopotamia ( Sumer ) (3400 to 3000 BC), in which an urban way of life first developed . Uruk was the leading city in Sumer at that time. Temple building in Eanna District. Stable city foundations next to Uruk in Eridu , Ur , Lagaš , Nippur , Šuruppak , Marad , Kiš , Sippar and Adab .
• Beginning of the Jemdet-Nasr period (3100 to 2900 BC) in Mesopotamia, which leads from the Uruk period to the early dynastic period .
• Iraq :
  • Nineveh - Nineveh-4
  • Tappa Gaura - Gaura 9
• Iran :
  • Jiroft culture (4000 to 1000 BC)
  • Schahr-e Suchte I (3200 to 2800 BC).
  • Proto-Elamites (3200 to 2700 BC)
    • Tappe Sialk IV (3500 to 3000 BC)
    • Tepe Yahya IV C (3400 to 3000 BC), Proto-Elamite
    • Susa III (3100 to 2900 BC)
• Syria :
  • Tell Brak (6000 to 1360 BC)
  • Tell Chuera (5000 to 1200 BC)
  • Tell Hamoukar (4500 to 2000 BC)
  • The Mardikh I phase (3500 to 3000 BC) comes to an end in Ebla
• Turkey :
  • Amuq - Amuq F
  • Malatya (from 3500 BC) - Malatya 7 and Malatya 6 A
  • Mersin - Mersin 15 to Mersin 13

Cultures in East Asia

• China :
  • The Laoguantai culture (6000 to 3000 BC) in Shaanxi and the
  • Dadiwan culture (5800 to 3000 BC) on the upper yellow river disappear towards the end of the century
  • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China: Miaodigou phase - (approx. 4000 to 3000 BC)
  • Hongshan Culture (4700-2900 BC), Northeast China
  • Dawenkou culture (4100 to 2600 BC), along the Yellow Sea
  • End of the Beiyinyangying culture (4000 to 3000 BC) on the lower Yangtze and the
  • Miaozigou culture (3500 to 3000 BC) in Inner Mongolia towards the end of the century
  • Yingpu culture (3500 to 2000 BC) in Taiwan
  • Liangzhu culture (3400/3300 to 2200 BC) in southeast China
  • Nuomuhong culture (3300-2900 BC), Qaidam basin
  • Longshan culture (3200 to 1850 BC) on the middle and lower Yellow Rivers
  • Karuo culture (3200 to 2000 BC) in China and Tibet

Ornamental vase kaen doki of the Middle Jōmon period

• Japan :
  • End of the early Jōmon period - Jōmon III (4000 to 3000 B.C.) - and beginning of the Middle Jōmon period - Jōmon IV (3000 to 2000 B.C.)
• Vietnam :
  • Đa-Bút culture (4000 to 1700 BC)

Cultures in South Asia

• Indus Valley :
  • Amri culture (4th and 3rd millennium BC)
  • Indus culture : Ravi aspect of the Hakra phase of Harappa I (3300 to 2800 BC)
    • Kalibangan I (3500 to 2800 BC)
    • Kot Diji (3400 to 2650 BC)
• Balochistan :
  • Mehrgarh : Period V (3250 to 3000 BC)
  • Nal culture (3800 to 2200 BC)

Cultures in North Asia

• Afanassjewo culture (3500 to 2500 BC) in southern Siberia ( Altai region)
• Glaskovo culture (3200 to 2400 BC) in Siberia, Mongolia and Southeast Russia

Cultures in Europe

• Northern Europe :
  • Boat ax culture (4200 to 2000 BC) in Scandinavia and the Baltic States
• Northeast Europe :
  • Neman culture (7000 to 3000 BC) in Poland , Lithuania and Belarus
  • Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC - radiocarbon method : 5600 to 2300 BC) in Norway , Sweden , the Baltic States, Russia and Ukraine
  • Rzucewo culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in the Baltic States and Poland
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in Estonia , Latvia, and Lithuania
• Eastern Europe :
  • Disappearance of the Kurgan cultures (5000 to 3000 BC) in Kazakhstan , Russia and Ukraine at the end of the century
  • Yamnaya culture (3600 to 2300 BC) in Russia and Ukraine
  • Kura Araxes culture (3500/3000 to 2000/1900 BC) in the Caucasus
  • Fatyanovo culture (3200 to 2300 BC) according to Anthony
  • Esero culture (3300 to 2700/2500 BC) in the Eastern Balkans

Polished stone axes from France, approx. 3000 BC Chr.

• Southeast Europe :
  • Coţofeni culture (3500 to 2500 BC) in Romania
  • Cycladic culture in Greece (3200 to 1100 BC), early Cycladic phase
  • Crete - Early Minoan pre- palace period according to Warren and Hankey (1989) - FM I (3650/3500 to 3000 BC) According to Manning (1995), however, the beginning of FM I is much later, namely at 3100/3000 BC. Chr .; in the low and high dating it occurs as early as 3300 BC. Chr.
• Central Europe :
  • Funnel Beaker Culture (Northern Central Europe) - 4200 to 2800 BC Chr.
  • Baden culture (3500 to 2800 BC) in Austria , Hungary
  • Cham culture - Bavaria , Czech Republic , Austria - 3500 to 2700 BC Chr.
  • Wartberg culture in northern Hesse - 3500 to 2800 BC Chr.
  • Horgen culture (3500 to 2800 BC) in Switzerland and southwest Germany
  • The Salzmünder culture (3400 to 3000 BC) in Germany disappears towards the end of the century
  • Remedello culture (3400 to 2400 BC) in northern Italy
  • Vlaardingen culture (3350 to 1950 BC) in the Netherlands
  • Walternienburg-Bernburg culture (3200 to 2800 BC)
  • Havelländische culture (3200 to 2800 BC) in East Germany
  • Gaudo culture (3150 to 2300 BC) in southern Italy
  • Beginning of the spherical amphora culture (3100 to 2700 BC) in Central Europe (up to Ukraine)

Amphora of the spherical amphora culture, around 3000 BC Chr.

• Western Europe :
  • Grooved Ware Culture in Great Britain and Ireland (3400 to 2000 BC)
    • Skara Brae on the Orkney Islands (around 3180 BC to 2500 BC)
  • Peterborough Ware (3400 to 2500 BC) in Great Britain
  • Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC) in France, Switzerland and Italy
  • Seine-Oise-Marne culture (3100 to 2000 BC) in northern France and Belgium
  • Almería culture (3250 to 2550 BC) in southeastern Spain - Almería I
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • France (4700 to 2000 BC)
    • Iberian Peninsula (4000 to 2000 BC)
      • Los Millares (3200 to 1800 BC)
    • Malta : Saflieni phase (3300 to 3000 BC) - north temple of Ħaġar Qim (3600 to 3000 BC), temple of Tarxien (3250 to 3000 BC)
    • Sardinia : Ozieri culture (usually 4300/4000 to 3200 BC, later dating from 3200 to 2800 BC)
    • England : In Stonehenge (Stonehenge 1) the earth wall is built around 3100 BC. Excavated

Middle Temple of Tarxien , Malta, around 3000 BC. Chr.

Cultures in america

• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period . Establishment of mounds in the eastern forest areas from 4000 BC. Chr.
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
  • Ecuador : Valdivia culture (3950 to 1750 BC)
  • Peru : Norte Chico culture (3500 to 1800 BC)
  • Colombia : San Agustín culture (3300 BC to 1550 AD)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Horst Schwartz and Sabine Neumann: Kreta. DuMont Reiseverlag, 2000, ISBN 3-7701-3445-1 , p. 1896
2. ^ Carmen Galenschovski: Crete. Baedeker, 2005, ISBN 3-8297-1089-5 , p. 38
3. ^ Francesco Raffaele: Dynasty 0 . In: AH . tape 17 , 2003, p. 99-141 .
4. ^ Alan Gardiner: La civiltà egizia . Einaudi, Turin 1997, ISBN 88-06-13913-4 .
5. ^ Franco Cimmino: Dizionario delle dinastie faraoniche . Bompiani, Milan 2003, ISBN 88-452-5531-X .
6. ^ Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton: Ancient Egyptian Chronology . Brill Academic Publishers, 2006.
7. ↑ Gebhard J. Selz: Sumerians and Akkadians: History, Society, Culture . CH Beck, 2005, ISBN 3-406-50874-X , pp. 31 .
8. ↑ Gebhard J. Selz : Sumerians and Akkadians: History, Society, Culture . CH Beck, 2005, ISBN 3-406-50874-X , pp. 41 .
9. ^ David W. Anthony: The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0 , pp. 308 .
10. ^ Warren, P. and Hankey, V .: Aegean Bronze Age Chronology . Bristol Classical Press, Bristol 1989, ISBN 0-906515-67-X .
11. ^ Manning, S .: The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age . In: Archeology, Radiocarbon and History . Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield 1995.

Web links

Commons : 31st century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files