32nd century BC Chr.

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The 32nd century BC Chr. Began on January 1 v 3200th And ended on December 31, 3101 BC. This corresponds to the period 5149 to 5049 before today or the interval 4466 to 4451 radiocarbon years .

Lebanon cedar

Calendar and time calculation

• Like the 33rd century BC Chr. Also the 32nd century shows a highly anomalous trend of radiocarbon age . According to Stuiver and Braziunas (1993), the dendrochronologically calibrated values ​​for the 32nd century fluctuate between 4540 and 4470 radiocarbon years. Between 3170 and 3150 BC The course of the curve makes a very strong negative excursion, in which the final value of 3100 BC is almost reached. Is reached. This excursion can also be seen at INTCAL98 (Stuiver, M. et al. 1998), whose values ​​for the century range between 4530 and 4490 radiocarbon years. For CalPal , the values ​​for the 32nd century are between 4466 and 4451 radiocarbon years. They have a plateau between 3176 and 3156 BC. BC, and very clearly in the period 3149 to 3077 BC. Chr.
• August 11, 3114 BC Chr .: According to the Thompson Correlation by Sir J. Eric S. Thompson, the long count of the Maya calendar starts with the date 0.0.0.0.0.
• 3102 BC Chr .: After the end of the Mahabharata War, Kali-Yuga set in and final Nirvana Kishna

Age / Epoch

• Subboreal (3710-450 BC).
• Late Neolithic in Central Europe (3500/3300 to 2800 BC).
• Nordic Middle Neolithic (3300 to 2350 BC) in Northern Europe .
• Bronze Age in Palestine and in the area of ​​the Fertile Crescent in general .

Events / developments

• 32nd century BC Chr .:
  • Research by Ohio State University glaciologist Lonnie G. Thompson suggests a major global climate change, likely caused by decreased solar activity . This thesis is supported by the following points:
    • Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica are at their lowest methane levels .
    • Annual rings of trees from Ireland and England indicate a period of drought.
    • Ice advance at the Quelccaya Ice Cap in the Andes of Peru . Plants become trapped in the ice .
    • Drill cores from lakes in South America show drastic changes in the pollen composition .
  • Phoenician cities initiate the cedar trade with Egypt
• Around 3200 BC Chr .:
  • First maize cultivation in South America .
• Around 3150 BC Chr .:
  • Possible meteorite impact of the so-called Tollmann event .

Inventions and discoveries

• From 3200 BC Chr .:
  • Oldest known hieroglyphic finds from around 3200 BC. BC ( Naqada III ) in Abydos
  • The Sumerians developed the proto-cuneiform script .
  • Domestication of the domestic chicken in India.

The demon Kali tries to kill the holy cow

Personalities

• Krishna (3228-3102 BC)
• Scorpio I. , ancient Egyptian king from the pre-dynastic period
• Taurus , ancient Egyptian king
• Pen-abu , ancient Egyptian king
• Neminatha , 22nd Tirthankara of Jainism , in the 32nd century BC. Chr.
• Hedju-Hor , ancient Egyptian king
• Iri-Hor , ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 0th Dynasty, in the 32nd century BC. Chr.
• Ka , ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 0th Dynasty, (3200 to 3150 BC, also around 3100 BC)

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• North Africa :
  • Capsia (9000 to 3000 BC) in Algeria and Tunisia
  • Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site
  • In Egypt , the Naqada III period (3200 to 3000 BC) starts with phase b1 around 3200 BC. The Naqada II period from
  • around 3150 BC The 0th dynasty begins in Egypt, the first minor kings can now be traced
  • The early dynastic period began around 3100 BC towards the end of the century. A
• Nubia :
  • A group (3800-3100 BC)
  • Around 3200 BC An organized society emerges, but this continues until 2600 BC. Remains a vassal of Upper Egypt

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

Cylinder seal cylinder and its imprint from the late Uruk period, around 3200 BC Chr.

• Late Uruk period in Mesopotamia ( Sumer ) - 3400 to 3000 BC - in which an urban way of life was formed for the first time . Uruk was the leading city in Sumer at that time. Temple building in Eanna District
• Individual sites:
  • Nineveh (from 6500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Nineveh 3 or Gaura A.
  • Tappe Sialk (6000 to 2500 BC) in Iran - Sialk III
  • Amuq (6000 to 2900 BC) in Turkey - Amuq F.
  • Tell Brak (6000 to 1360 BC) in Syria - TW 18-19
  • Mersin (5400 to 2900 BC) in Anatolia - Mersin 15
  • Eridu (from 5300 to approx. 1950 BC) in Mesopotamia - Eridu 8-6
  • Tappa Gaura (5000 to 1500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Gaura 11-10
  • Tell Chuera (5000 to 1200 BC) in Syria
  • Tell Hamoukar (4500 to 2000 BC) in Syria
  • Arslantepe in Turkey - Period VII
  • Tepe Yahya in Iran - Proto-Elamite Period IV C (3400 to 3000 BC)
  • Susa in Iran (from 4000 BC) - Susa II
  • Tell Hammam et Turkman in Syria - vb

Cultures in East Asia

• China :
  • Laoguantai culture (6000 to 3000 BC), Shaanxi
  • Dadiwan culture (5800-3000 BC), upper Yellow River
  • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China: Miaodigou phase - (around 4000 to 3000 BC)
  • Hongshan Culture (4700-2900 BC), Northeast China
  • Dawenkou culture (4100 to 2600 BC), along the Yellow Sea
  • Beiyinyangying culture (4000 to 3000 BC), Lower Yangtze River
  • Miaozigou culture (3500 to 3000 BC), Inner Mongolia
  • Yingpu culture (3500 to 2000 BC) in Taiwan
  • Liangzhu culture (3400/3300 to 2200 BC) in southeast China
  • Nuomuhong culture (3300-2900 BC), Qaidam basin
  • The Longshan culture (3200 to 1850 BC) on the middle and lower Yellow River begins
  • Beginning of the Karuo culture (3200 to 2000 BC) in China and Tibet
• Vietnam :
  • Đa-Bút culture (4000 to 1700 BC)
• Korea :
  • Middle Jeulmun Period (3500 to 2000 BC)
• Japan :
  • Early Jōmon period (Jōmon III - 4000 to 3000/2500 BC) with the first larger settlements

Cultures in South Asia

• Indus Valley :
  • Amri culture (4th and 3rd millennium BC)
  • Indus culture : Ravi aspect of the Hakra phase of Harappa I (3300 to 2800 BC)
    • Kalibangan I (3500 to 2800 BC)
    • Kot Diji (3400 to 2650 BC)
• Balochistan :
  • Mehrgarh : Period V (3250 to 3000 BC)
  • Nal culture (3800 to 2200 BC)

Cultures in North Asia

• Siberia :
  • Afanassjewo culture (3500 to 2500 BC) in southern Siberia ( Altai region)
  • Beginning of the Glaskovo culture (3200 to 2400 BC) in Siberia, Mongolia and Southeast Russia
  • The Botai culture (3700 to 3100 BC) in Kazakhstan is coming to an end

Cultures in Europe

• Northern Europe :
  • Boat ax culture (4200 to 2000 BC) in Scandinavia and the Baltic States
• Northeast Europe :
  • Neman culture (7000 to 3000 BC) in Poland , Lithuania and Belarus
  • Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC - radiocarbon method : 5600 to 2300 BC) in Norway , Sweden , the Baltic States, Russia and Ukraine
  • Rzucewo culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in the Baltic States and Poland
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in Estonia , Latvia, and Lithuania
• Eastern Europe :
  • Kurgan cultures (5000 to 3000 BC) in Kazakhstan, Russia and the Ukraine
  • Yamnaya culture (3600 to 2300 BC) in Russia and Ukraine
  • Kura Araxes culture (3500/3000 to 2000/1900 BC) in the Caucasus
  • Onset of the Fatyanovo culture (3200 to 2300 BC) according to Anthony
• Southeast Europe :
  • Esero culture (3300 to 2700/2500 BC) in the Eastern Balkans
  • The Cycladic culture (3200 to 1100 BC) in Greece begins with the early Cycladic phase
  • Crete - Early Minoan pre- palace period according to Warren and Hankey (1989) - FM I (3650/3500 to 3000 BC) According to Manning (1995), however, the beginning of FM I is much later, namely at 3100/3000 BC. Chr .; in the low and high dating it occurs as early as 3300 BC. Chr.
• Central Europe :
  • Funnel Beaker Culture (Northern Central Europe) - 4200 to 2800 BC Chr.
  • Baden culture (3500 to 2800 BC) in Austria , Hungary
  • Cham culture - Bavaria , Czech Republic , Austria - 3500 to 2700 BC Chr.
  • Wartberg culture in northern Hesse - 3500 to 2800 BC Chr.
  • Horgen culture (3500 to 2800 BC) in Switzerland and southwest Germany
  • Salzmünder culture (3400 to 3000 BC) in Germany
  • Vlaardingen culture (3350 to 1950 BC) in the Netherlands
  • Establishment of the Walternienburg-Bernburg culture (3200 to 2800 BC)
  • The Havelländische Kultur (3200 to 2800 BC) begins in East Germany

Skara Brae on the west coast of Mainland, Orkney

• Western Europe :
  • Grooved Ware Culture in Great Britain and Ireland (3400 to 2000 BC)
    • Beginning of the colonization of Skara Brae on the Orkney Islands (around 3180 BC to 2500 BC)
  • Peterborough Ware (3400 to 2500 BC) in Great Britain
  • Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC) in France, Switzerland and Italy
  • Almeria culture (3250 to 2550 BC) in southeastern Spain - Almeria I
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • France (4700 to 2000 BC)
    • Iberian Peninsula (4000 to 2000 BC) ( Spain and Portugal )
      • Los Millares (3200 to 1800 BC)
    • Malta : Saflieni phase (3300 to 3000 BC) - north temple of Ħaġar Qim (3600 to 3000 BC)
    • Sardinia : Ozieri culture (usually 4300/4000 to 3200 BC, later dating from 3200 to 2800 BC)
    • Ireland : Around 3150 BC Chr. Construction of the hill tomb of Newgrange
    • Scotland : Around 3100 BC The stone circle of Stenness is established on the mainland of the Orkney Islands
    • England : In Stonehenge 1 , the earth wall is built around 3100 BC. Excavated

Stonehenge at Salisbury

Cultures in america

• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period . Establishment of mounds in the eastern forest areas from 4000 BC. Chr.
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
  • Ecuador : Valdivia culture (3950 to 1750 BC)
  • Peru : Norte Chico culture (3500 to 1800 BC)
  • Colombia : San Agustín culture (3300 BC to 1550 AD)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Stuiver, M. and Braziunas, TF: Modeling atmospheric 14C influences and 14C ages of marine samples to 10,000 BC . In: Radiocarbon . tape 35 , no. 1 , 1993, p. 137-189 .
2. ↑ Stuiver, M. u. a .: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP . In: Radiocarbon . tape 40 , no. 3 , 1998, p. 1041-1083 .
3. ^ LG Thompson, u. a .: Inaugural Article: Abrupt tropical climate change: Past and present . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 103 (28): 10536. , 2006, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0603900103 , bibcode : 2006PNAS..10310536T .
4. ↑ Ludwig David Morenz : picture letters and symbolic signs. The development of writing in the high culture of ancient Egypt . In: Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis . tape 205 . Academic Press u. a., Freiburg u. a. 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1 , pp. 250 ff .
5. ↑ Harald Haarmann : History of writing . CH Beck, 2002, ISBN 3-406-47998-7 , pp. 32 .
6. ↑ Thomas Schneider : The 101 most important questions. Ancient Egypt . CH Beck, 2010, ISBN 3-406-59983-4 , p. 153 .
7. ↑ Gebhard J. Selz: Sumerians and Akkadians: History, Society, Culture . CH Beck, 2005, ISBN 3-406-50874-X , pp. 31 .
8. ^ David W. Anthony: The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0 , pp. 308 .
9. ^ Warren, P. and Hankey, V .: Aegean Bronze Age Chronology . Bristol Classical Press, Bristol 1989, ISBN 0-906515-67-X .
10. ^ Manning, S .: The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age . In: Archeology, Radiocarbon and History . Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield 1995.

Web links

Commons : 32nd century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files