Arabic calligraphy

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Arabic calligraphy (including Islamic calligraphy ) is an aspect of Islamic art , which is composed of the Arabic script closely related to the Islam has developed. Due to the prohibition of images in Islam , it is the traditional visual art in the Islamic world. With the angular Kufi and the italic Naschi script , two styles developed early on.

Fonts

Surname description Example (s)
Kufi (Kūfī) Today the Kufi script is only used as a decorative script. The oldest Kufi inscription is on the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem .
Basmala kufi.svg
The six writing styles (al-ʾAqlām as-sitta)

The six writing styles ( Arabic الأقلام الستة) form a canon of six cursive Arabic scripts, which was defined in the 10th century by the calligrapher Ibn Muqla , a vizier in Baghdad . The styles are as follows:

Naschī (Nasḫ) The Naschi script (Turkish Nesih ) has established itself in everyday printing.
Basmala.svg
Muhaqqaq (Muḥaqqaq) Muḥaqqaq is a large-format, straight book and monumental font, which was popular among the Egyptian Mamluks and the Ilkhan until the 16th century .
Deneme.jpg
Rejhan (Raiḥān) Smaller, thinner and finer variants of the Muhaqqaq
Rayhani.jpg
Thuluth (Ṯuluṯ) Thuluth (Turkish Sülüs ), a chancellery and monumental script , was particularly popular in the Ottoman Empire .
Thuluth.jpg
Izzet 09.png
Tauqi (Tauqīʿ) Large-format chancellery font, mainly used in Abbasid administration, which resembles Thuluth
Reqa (Riqāʿ) Smaller variant of the tauqi
Taliq (Taʿlīq) The chancellery font Taliq originated from the Tauqi and exists in a Persian (see example) and an Ottoman version.
Persian Taliq
Nastaliq (Nastaʿlīq) The book font Nastaliq was created in the 14th century and became the most widely used script in Persia in the 15th century .
Nasta'liq script 2.jpg
Schekaste (Šekaste) Italic book fonts were used mainly in Persia
Chayyam guyand kasan behescht ba hur chosch ast small.png
Maghribi (Maġribī) The Maghribi-Duktus, a book font, was used in northwest Africa and al-Andalus from the 10th century .
Quran Andalusian 14th Cent.jpg
Diwani (Dīwānī) The Diwani script is the Ottoman chancellery script.
Izzet 44.png
Diwani jali (Dīwānī ǧalī) Later, decorative version of the Ottoman Taliq
Izzet 51.png
Ruqʿa The italic everyday script Ruqʿa, created in the 18th century, is mostly used today as a handwriting in Mashrek .
Izzet 27.png
Riqa.jpg
Square kufi A type of Kufi script. The illustration shows the text of the 112th Surah al-Iḫlāṣ , begins with the Basmala at the bottom left and then spirals clockwise to the center.
The Bannai script

Famous calligraphers

literature

  • Annemarie Schimmel : Islamic Calligraphy. Leiden 1970.
  • Ernst Kühnel: Islamic writing. Berlin 1942.
  • Martin Lings: The Qur'ānic Art of Calligraphy an Illumination. London 1976.
  • Yasin Hamid Safadi: Islamic Calligraphy. London 1978.
  • Ghazi al-Delaimi: Arabic calligraphy for beginners. Alphabets, instructions, applications. Knaur, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-426-64224-7 , ISBN 978-3-426-64224-5 .
  • Deniz Erduman (Ed.): Written Worlds. Arabic calligraphy and literature through the ages. (on the occasion of the exhibition of the same name in the Museum of Applied Arts, Frankfurt am Main, October 7, 2004 to January 30, 2005; = A written cosmos ). DuMont: Cologne 2004. ISBN 3-8321-7508-3 , ISBN 3-8321-7507-5 .
  • Jürgen Wasim Frembgen (Ed.): The aura of Alif. Calligraphy in Islam. For the exhibition Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde Munich , 2010/2011. Prestel, Munich ISBN 978-3-7913-5065-3 . ( Table of Contents (PDF) ) (Offers modern calligraphy by contemporary artists)
  • Wolfgang Kosack : Islamic writing in Kufic. Geometric Kufi in 593 script examples. German - Kufi - Arabic. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, ISBN 978-3-906206-10-3 .

See also

Web links

Commons : Islamic Calligraphy  - Collection of Images