Arabic calligraphy
The Arabic calligraphy (including Islamic calligraphy ) is an aspect of Islamic art , which is composed of the Arabic script closely related to the Islam has developed. Due to the prohibition of images in Islam , it is the traditional visual art in the Islamic world. With the angular Kufi and the italic Naschi script , two styles developed early on.
Fonts
Surname | description | Example (s) |
---|---|---|
Kufi (Kūfī) | Today the Kufi script is only used as a decorative script. The oldest Kufi inscription is on the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem . | |
The six writing styles (al-ʾAqlām as-sitta) The six writing styles ( Arabic الأقلام الستة) form a canon of six cursive Arabic scripts, which was defined in the 10th century by the calligrapher Ibn Muqla , a vizier in Baghdad . The styles are as follows: |
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Naschī (Nasḫ) | The Naschi script (Turkish Nesih ) has established itself in everyday printing. | |
Muhaqqaq (Muḥaqqaq) | Muḥaqqaq is a large-format, straight book and monumental font, which was popular among the Egyptian Mamluks and the Ilkhan until the 16th century . | |
Rejhan (Raiḥān) | Smaller, thinner and finer variants of the Muhaqqaq | |
Thuluth (Ṯuluṯ) | Thuluth (Turkish Sülüs ), a chancellery and monumental script , was particularly popular in the Ottoman Empire . | |
Tauqi (Tauqīʿ) | Large-format chancellery font, mainly used in Abbasid administration, which resembles Thuluth | |
Reqa (Riqāʿ) | Smaller variant of the tauqi | |
Taliq (Taʿlīq) | The chancellery font Taliq originated from the Tauqi and exists in a Persian (see example) and an Ottoman version. | |
Nastaliq (Nastaʿlīq) | The book font Nastaliq was created in the 14th century and became the most widely used script in Persia in the 15th century . | |
Schekaste (Šekaste) | Italic book fonts were used mainly in Persia | |
Maghribi (Maġribī) | The Maghribi-Duktus, a book font, was used in northwest Africa and al-Andalus from the 10th century . | |
Diwani (Dīwānī) | The Diwani script is the Ottoman chancellery script. | |
Diwani jali (Dīwānī ǧalī) | Later, decorative version of the Ottoman Taliq | |
Ruqʿa | The italic everyday script Ruqʿa, created in the 18th century, is mostly used today as a handwriting in Mashrek . | |
Square kufi | A type of Kufi script. The illustration shows the text of the 112th Surah al-Iḫlāṣ , begins with the Basmala at the bottom left and then spirals clockwise to the center. |
Famous calligraphers
- Ibn Muqla , d. 939
- Ibn al-Bawwab (Bawwāb), d. 1022
- Yaqut al-Mustaʿsimi , d. 1298
- Şeyh Hamdullah , 1436-1520
- Ahmed Karahisari , 1468-1556
- Mir Ali Heravi , d. 1544
- Alireza Abbassi , 16./17. century
- Mir Emad Ghazvini , d. 1615
- Seyyid Kasim Gubari , d. 1625
- Hâfız Osman , 1642–1698
- Mohammad Reza Emami , 17th century
literature
- Annemarie Schimmel : Islamic Calligraphy. Leiden 1970.
- Ernst Kühnel: Islamic writing. Berlin 1942.
- Martin Lings: The Qur'ānic Art of Calligraphy an Illumination. London 1976.
- Yasin Hamid Safadi: Islamic Calligraphy. London 1978.
- Ghazi al-Delaimi: Arabic calligraphy for beginners. Alphabets, instructions, applications. Knaur, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-426-64224-7 , ISBN 978-3-426-64224-5 .
- Deniz Erduman (Ed.): Written Worlds. Arabic calligraphy and literature through the ages. (on the occasion of the exhibition of the same name in the Museum of Applied Arts, Frankfurt am Main, October 7, 2004 to January 30, 2005; = A written cosmos ). DuMont: Cologne 2004. ISBN 3-8321-7508-3 , ISBN 3-8321-7507-5 .
- Jürgen Wasim Frembgen (Ed.): The aura of Alif. Calligraphy in Islam. For the exhibition Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde Munich , 2010/2011. Prestel, Munich ISBN 978-3-7913-5065-3 . ( Table of Contents (PDF) ) (Offers modern calligraphy by contemporary artists)
- Wolfgang Kosack : Islamic writing in Kufic. Geometric Kufi in 593 script examples. German - Kufi - Arabic. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, ISBN 978-3-906206-10-3 .
See also
Web links
Commons : Islamic Calligraphy - Collection of Images
- Selections of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Calligraphy , Library of Congress (English)