Archimandrite of San Salvatore
The Archimandritate of San Salvatore (Italian: Archimandritato del Santissimo Salvatore , Archimandritate of the Most Holy Redeemer) was a jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Church in Sicily with initially a Greek rite. Today it is incorporated into the Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela .
history
middle Ages
Count Roger I had a Greek monastery built at the extreme end of the S. Ranieri peninsula, where the "Madonnina del Porto" stands today, which was dedicated to the Most Holy Redeemer. In May 1131 his son, King Roger II, established the Archimandritate of San Salvatore from this and other Greek monasteries in Sicily and Calabria. Roger Bartholomäus von Simeri , the abbot of Patirion at Rossano , was able to win over as spiritual advisor. After his death in 1130, his pupil Lukas succeeded him. In medieval sources, the monastery is usually referred to with the addition of de lingua Phari (on the headland with the lighthouse) . The first Archimandrite , Luke, promptly edited a typicon as a rule for the community. Even if the relationship with the metochia and the monasteries, which were still headed by their own abbot (such as San Filippo di Fragalà ) but were subject to the supervision and jurisdiction of the Archimandrite, was not always unclouded, the relationship with the bishop and the archbishop respectively became from Messina to a permanent point of contention. According to Rogers, the Archimandrite should be exempt from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Messina, but he should be obliged to pay interest, participate in the diocesan synods and take an oath of allegiance. The form of the oath of allegiance, which Archimandrite Onofrius probably made between 1159 and 1165 to Bishop Robert of Messina, who was designated as Archbishop, is based on the model of the episcopal oath of allegiance. 1175 confirmed Alexander III. to Onofrius the detailed jurisdiction over the dependent monasteries listed in an extensive list. In the provisional clause salva auctoritate only the obligation to pay interest is stipulated towards the local bishop, the iustitia , d. H. the episcopal power over the monastery is not mentioned , in contrast to the privileges for the Benedictines , who otherwise served as a model for the document. The legal status of Archimandrite and Archbishop was not clearly regulated, which led to years of disputes under Archbishop Berardus .
The material equipment of the monastery was also expanded by Wilhelm II. One of the sponsors was also the Norman Vice Chancellor Matheus , who bought his way into the monastery prayer community.
The argument with the archbishop
In the routine confirmations that Cölestin III. Berard issued when he took office, the obligation of all Latin and Greek abbots in the diocese to perform the procuration was inculcated by the bishop. According to the provisions of Alexander III. the right to visit the monasteries of the Greek rite was granted to the Archimandrite. In 1216 Innocent III. confirmed the rights of the Archimandrite in a general letter of protection in the form of a littera cum serico , but without listing them in detail. On November 1, 1216, his successor Honorius III confirmed. almost literally the privilege of 1175: the reservation clause is identical and therefore imprecise. In 1222 and 1223 Honorius III decided that the monastery should be under the control of the archbishop, although Emperor Friedrich II had campaigned for San Salvatore and its independence. The Pope justified himself to the emperor by stating that canon law knows no intermediate forms. Since there is no evidence of an exemption for San Salvatore , it must be subordinate to the local bishop. The monastery should not suffer any disadvantage from this: the monastery was not obliged to comply with synodal resolutions that violated the rules of the Greek rite, the Archimandrite elected by the monks should be confirmed by the archbishop without resistance and consecrated free of charge, in the event of disciplinary measures against the Archimandrites, the archbishop had to call in two Greek abbots. Despite excommunication , the monks' resistance could not be overcome. After the death of the Archimandrite Luke, the Pope was forced to lift the excommunication in October 1223 in order to enable a proper new election. The chosen successor Makarios did not try to get confirmation from the archbishop.
The role of the archimandrite in the diocese
In the hierarchy of the diocese, the archimandrite took the first place immediately after the archbishop, as we can see from the addresses in the papal letters. Only if the suffragan bishops were among the addressees was he named after them.
The monastery also became embroiled in the dispute between the Popes and Manfred of Sicily. Initially, in 1255, permission was obtained to be able to celebrate services in the monastery church even during the interdict . In 1256 there was a double occupation of the Archimandrite, whereby the candidate of Pope Alexander IV could not prevail against the candidate of King Manfred . After the fire in the cathedral of Messina in 1266, the Archimandrite sought, in agreement with the cathedral chapter, the papal approval of a special tax to finance the costs of repair and reconstruction. At that time the archbishopric was still vacant, the archimandrite acted de facto as a vicar general without actually exercising this function.
The archimandrite was not only used by the Pope as a delegate in disputes between Latin clergy, there is also nothing known of conflicts with the Latin population or the Latin clergy in the city. In 1212 the Archimandrite is said to have made a church available for the first Franciscan settlement in Messina. After a storm surge had damaged the wall of the monastery building, which was located towards the Stretto, the Archimandrite obtained from John XXII in 1323 . a letter of indulgence, with which the Latin citizens of the city should be induced to donate - for followers of the Greek rite the indulgence has no function. In the same year the Pope confirmed to the Archimandrite his parish rights over the Greek believers.
14th and 15th centuries
The economic situation of San Salvatore was at least in the opinion of the Roman Curia quite satisfactory in the 14th century, because in the Taxlisten the chamberlain for servitia it was conducted with 500 Florin (1313-1421) and was the prized highest Greek Abbey . Grottaferrata was rated lower at 400 florins.
At the beginning of the 14th century, the Archimandrites succeeded temporarily in achieving Rome immediacy for their monastery . One in the name of Innocent III. produced forgery with a passage about the exemption was made by Johannes XXII. 1323 and by Clement VI. 1342 confirmed and thus recognized. In the long run, this legal status could only be secured in 1457. This was achieved by the Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum, Bessarion , the Calixt III. 1456 had appointed Archimandrite of San Salvatore. Bessarion had been cardinal protector of the Basilians since 1446 and exercised the right to visit all Greek monasteries in Italy from 1451. In Messina he set up two chairs for Greek, as the language skills of the Greek monks were very poor. In doing so, he drew on the tradition of the Greek school for the Basilians established by King Martin and the Senate of Messina as early as 1404 , which, however, had ceased in 1449. In 1467 Bessarion appointed Konstantin Laskaris professor of Greek, under which the school in Messina experienced its heyday. Pietro Bembo , who came to Messina in 1492, was one of his well-known students . Laskaris died on August 15, 1501.
Modern times
In the 16th century, Charles V had the old monastery on the headland demolished in order to build a fortress in its place. Further north on the coast, at the place where the Museo Regionale di Messina now stands, the monastery was rebuilt.
On March 23, 1635, the Archimandritate of the Most Holy Redeemer was raised by Pope Urban VIII to an independent diocese, which was independent of the Archdiocese of Messina.
After the secularization and the suppression of religious orders in the 19th century, there was a lack of the Basilian monks, who formed the backbone of the Archimandritus, and the goods that the state had expropriated.
In 1839 a sedis vacancy began that lasted almost fifty years . On August 31, 1883, the parishes of the Archimandritus of Pope Leo XIII. subordinated to the Archdiocese of Messina. The Archbishop of Messina was from then on also Archimandrite. Formally, however, the Archimandritat remained as a separate legal entity until it was finally united with the Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela in 1986. The Archimandritate's Cathedral Church, SS Salvatore , now serves as the Archbishopric's co-cathedral.
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Manuscripts from the library of the monastery are still in the University Library of Messina, some in the library of the Escorial and in other international manuscript collections. The archive was kept in the 17th century together with the archive of the city and that of the cathedral chapter, the canon Antonino Amico made copies or had copies made ( Vat.lat. 8201 ). After the Messinese revolt against the Spanish government was put down in 1679, the archive was carried off as a punitive action. Their whereabouts were unknown until the 1970s. Today they are in the Palacio Tavera in Toledo (archive of the Foundation of the Dukes of Medinaceli ), previously the holdings were kept in Seville .
- Miguel Arranz, Le Typikon du monastère du Saint-Sauveur à Messine . Rome 1969 (Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 185)
- Giovanni Mercati , Per la storia dei manoscritti greci di Genova, di varie badie basiliane d'Italia e di Patmo . Città del Vaticano 1935 (Studi e testi 68)
- Dieter Girgensohn , Italia Pontificia sive Repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a Romanis pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII Italiae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus singulisque personis concessorum , t. X: Calabria - insulae . Zurich 1975, pp. 344-348
- Maria Teresa Rodriquez: Note sulla storia della biblioteca del S. Salvatore di Messina . In: «Mediaeval Sophia». Studi e ricerche sui saperi medievali. E-Review annuale dell'Officina di Studi Medievali. www.mediaevalsophia.net 19 (2017) 121–135 (Lit.)
literature
- Mario Scaduto, Il monachismo basiliano nella Sicilia medievale. Rinascita e decadenza sec. XI - XIV. Ristampa anastatica dell'edizione 1947 con aggiunte e correzioni. Roma 1982 (Storia e letteratura. Raccolta di studi e testi, 18)
- MB Foti, Il monastero del S.mo Salvatore in lingua Phari. Proposte scrittorie e coscienza culturale . Messina 1989.
- Horst Enzensberger , La riforma basiliana . In: Messina. Il ritorno della memoria . Mostra sotto l'Alto Patronato del Presidente della Repubblica Italiana On. Oscar Luigi Scalfaro e di SM il Re di Spagna Don Juan Carlos I. Messina, Palazzo Zanca - 1 March / 28 April 1994, a cura di Grazia Fallico, Aldo Sparti, Umberto Balistreri, Palermo 1994, pp. 53-56
- Mario Re, La lite tra l'archimandrita Nifone IV e l'arcivescovo di Messina Raimondo Pizzolo (1344-1346) , in: Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grottaferrata, 52, 1998, 303-328
- Horst Enzensberger, The Archimandrite between Pope and Archbishop: the Messina case . In: Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grottaferrata 54 (2000), pp. 209-225
Individual evidence
- ↑ In annotated Engl. Translation ( Memento of the original from July 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from Dumbarton Oaks, PDF 61k
- ↑ Enzensberger, Archimandrite p. 215
- ^ Image of the original privilege of Alexander III. The critical point as an excerpt
- ↑ This text has been included in the Liber Extra as a model example for church elections (X 1.33.14)
Web links
- List of literature on Messina and S. Salvatore
- Information on the archives of the University of Bamberg in Toledo (Archivo Medinaceli)
- Protection document of Pope Clement V for S. Salvatore, 1310 text in Latin
- Certificate of indulgence Pope John XXII. for S. Salvatore, 1323 text in Latin
- The Archimandrite on the website of the Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela ( in Italian)
- Archimandrite of San Salvatore on gcatholic.org