Athenaea
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Athenaea is a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The seven species are common in southeastern Brazil .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Athenaea are shrubs that reach heights of 1.5 to 3 meters. The leaves are usually in pairs, only rarely individually. The leaf stalks are usually 9 to 20 (rarely even 6) mm long, the leaves of Athenaea martiana are sessile. If the leaves have petioles, the leaf blades do not run down them. The shape of the leaf blade is ovate, elliptical or narrow-elliptical, usually about 13 cm (rarely 19.5 to 40.5) cm long and between 9.3 and 14.6 (rarely only 5.7) cm wide. Especially the leaves and calyxes , but also other parts of the plants are noticeably hairy. The hair can be bristly, rough-haired or tomentose, as well as glandular or sticky-glandular. The trichomes are multicellular, unbranched and yellowish-brown or glandular and then whitish and provided with an elongated, pink or dark purple tip.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are usually in groups of two to six, rarely individually on long flower stalks . The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . Depending on the species, the calyx is either 2.5 to 5 mm or 6 to 10 (rarely 5 to 12) mm long. The individual sepals are hardly fused together and are of the same size or almost the same size. Their shape is triangular, ovoid or elongated, in exceptional cases also heart-shaped. The base is ear-shaped and longer than it is wide. The wheel-shaped, white and hairless inside and studded with green or red dots crown is 6 to 8.5 mm or 10 to 17 mm long and five-part, depending on the species. The individual corolla lobes are egg-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped and two to four times as long as the relatively short area in which the petals are fused together.
The five stamens have dorsally fixed anthers which, depending on the species, are 1.5 to 2.2 mm or 2.5 to 3 mm long and thus mostly longer than the hairless stamens . The stamens are seldom as long or slightly longer than the anthers. The theka are only free from each other in a small area below. The enlarged base of the stamens, which is fused with the petals, is clearly pronounced and covered with two short lateral teeth or auricles, which can occasionally be half as long as the part of the petals that has grown together. The ovary is hairless or only covered in the upper part with short, head-shaped trichomes, a ring-shaped nectarium is enclosed by the ovary. The stylus is different polymorphic almost pfriemförmig and within flowers of a plant, and either 2.5 to 4 mm, or only 0.8 to 1.5 (rarely to 3.5) mm long. The scar is disc-shaped and indented.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are egg-shaped, about 15 mm long and 9 mm wide berries without stone bodies, which are completely or at least partially surrounded by the sepals, which enlarge up to seven times their length. The pericarp of the fruit is yellowish, hairless, bald or finely haired, with the trichomes occasionally being head-shaped. They contain a large number of nearly kidney-shaped, flat and indented seeds that are 2.7 to 3.8 (rarely 2.4 to 4.2) mm in length. The seed surface is structured like a honeycomb. The cells of the seed surface have deep, slightly wavy, vertically upward cell walls, which form columnar swellings of different heights at the corners. The embryo is curved, the cotyledons are significantly shorter than the rest of the embryo, endosperm is abundant.
Occurrence
The species of the genus occur exclusively in southeastern Brazil between 14 and 28 degrees south longitude . This area includes the Brazilian states of Bahia , Espírito Santo , Minas Gerais , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná and Santa Catarina . The plants grow in bright locations at altitudes of up to 2000 m.
Systematics
External system
Within the systematics of the nightshade family , the genus Athenaea is classified in the subfamily Solanoideae. In the system of Armando Hunziker it is classified in the tribe Solaneae and there in the sub-tribus Capsicinae. Phylogenetic studies do not classify the genus close to the peppers ( Capsicum ), but place them together with the genera Archiphysalis , Aureliana , Discopodium , Mellissia , Nothocestrum , Physaliastrum , Tubocapsicum and Withania in the clade Withaninae, which in turn is part of the clade Physaleae.
Internal system
The genus Athenaea was established by Otto Sendtner . The type species is Athenaea picta .
The genus Athenaea contains about seven species:
- Athenaea anonacea Sendtn.
- Athenaea cuspidata Witas.
- Athenaea martiana Sendtn.
- Athenaea micrantha Sendtn.
- Athenaea pereirae Barboza & ATHunz.
- Athenaea picta (Mart.) Sendtn.
- Athenaea pogogena (Moric.) Sendtn.
literature
- Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae. ARG Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001, ISBN 3-904144-77-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Richard G. Olmstead, Lynn Bohs: A Summary of Molecular Systematic Research in Solanaceae: 1982-2006. In: DM Spooner et al. (Ed.): Solanaceae VI: Genomics Meets Biodiversity. (= ISHS Acta Horticulturae 745). June 2007, ISBN 978-90-6605-427-1 .
- ↑ Lucia d'Ávila, Freire de Carvalho, Lucio Heron P. Costa, Aline Castellar Duarte: Diversidade taxonômica e distribuição geográfica das solanáceas que ocorrem no Sudeste Brasileiro (Acnistus, Athenaea, Aureliana, Brunfelsia e Cyphomandra). In: Rodriguésia. Volume 52, number 80, 2001, pp. 31-45. PDF.