Barracudinas

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Barracudinas
Nordic salmon sparrow (Paralepis coregonoides)

Nordic salmon sparrow ( Paralepis coregonoides )

Systematics
Subclass : Real bony fish (Teleostei)
Overcohort : Clupeocephala
Cohort : Euteleosteomorpha
Sub-cohort : Neoteleostei
Order : Lizardfish (Aulopiformes)
Family : Barracudinas
Scientific name
Paralepididae
Bonaparte , 1832

Barracudinas (Paralepididae), also called salmon sparrows , are a family of slender small predatory fish from the order of the lizardfish relatives (Aulopiformes) that live worldwide in the deeper layers of the oceans . The name is a diminutive of barracuda .

features

With their arrow-shaped, elongated, laterally slightly flattened body, they resemble the barracudas in their external appearance , with which they are not closely related. Barracudinas are 2.5 to 55 centimeters long and have, as far as known, 65 to 102 vertebrae. Its head is pointed, its mouth large. The eyes are relatively large and have fat eyelids . The premaxillary is tightly bound to the maxillary and cannot be extended (not protractile). It has a single row of retractable teeth on its rear edge. In the front there is a row of fixed teeth. The supramaxillary, another bone of the upper jaw, is small and about half the length of the maxillary. The ploughshare is toothless or has one or two thin teeth. The palatine bone is long and slender and attached to the mesethmoid and ploughshare in front. The teeth are in one or two rows on the palatine bone. The lower jaw symphysis is more or less elevated and engages in an arched, toothless recess in the upper jaw at the tip of the mouth. The entire lower jaw is enclosed by the upper jaw when the mouth is closed. It has one to three rows of teeth, the innermost of which consists of retractable, backward-curved fangs, the outermost of fixed teeth of a similar shape. The teeth of scaled genera can also be stunted. The tongue is imperfect or has tiny teeth.

The stomach, which is very narrow in most cases, forms an edge on the underside of the body. The anus is located near the pelvic fins , it moves forward in the course of ontogenesis . The body can be scaled or flaky. If present, they are cycloid scales that easily fall off. The pores of the lateral line are large and are surrounded by characteristic, partially ossified structures that are likely to be highly modified scales. In scaled genera, these ossified structures are still covered by scales. There is no swim bladder . Ocean forms have thin, fragile bones. There is no sexual dimorphism .

The dorsal fin is small and is about the middle of the body. A well-developed adipose fin is present. It lies over the rear end of the long-based anal fin, which stands far back. The pectoral fins are below the central axis of the body. The pelvic fins are small and close together, behind the center of the body, in front of or behind the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is very small and forked.

Fin formula : dorsal 7–16, anal 20–50, pectoral 11–17, pectoral 8–12, caudal 18–20.

Full-grown barracudinas are blackish or almost transparent, the scaly species are mostly silvery.

Way of life

Barracudinas occur in all temperate and tropical seas, but also in the northern and southern oceans . In most cases, they are deep-sea fish that feed on zooplankton (e.g. krill ) and themselves from predatory fish, e.g. B. be eaten by salmon , mackerel , tuna , marlins , sharks and whales . The bathypelagic forms are intended to observations from the bathyscaphe go with the head up.

Internal system

There are about 30 species in 6 genera.

The genus Sudis , which originally belonged to the barracudinas, now forms the independent family Sudidae , Magnisudis belongs to the Alepisauridae and the genera Lestidiops, Lestidium, Lestrolepis and Macroparalepis , which have ventral luminous organs, now form the family Lestidiidae (Nelson, 2016).

External system

The family of the barracudinas is assigned to the suborder Alepisauroidei and the superfamily Alepisauroidea within the lizardfish relatives. The following cladogram shows the systematic position of the barracudinas with the Lestidiidae as sister group of a common clade of the barracudinas and the Alepisauridae and Magnisudis as sister genus of Anotopterus :

  Superfamily Alepisauroidea  

 Pearl eyes (Scopelarchidae)


   

 Saber toothfish (Evermannellidae)


   

 Sudidae


   

 Lestidiidae


   

 Barracudinas (Paralepididae)


  Alepisauridae  


 Anotopterus


   

 Magnisudis



   

 Omosudis


   

 Alepisaurus









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A fossil fish classified as a barracudina.

Fossil record

With the help of the molecular clock, the mean Cretaceous period 110 to 75 million years ago was determined as the period for the emergence of the family of the barracudinas . The oldest fossil in the family has been described as Lestidiops ypresiensis . It comes from the Ypresian , a stage of the Eocene .

literature

  • William N. Eschmeyer, Earl S. Herald, Howard Hamann: A field guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. From the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California (Peterson Field Guides; 28). Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Mass. 1983, ISBN 0-395-33188-9 .
  • Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish . Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1991, page 304, ISBN 3-334-00339-6 .
  • Robert R. Harry: Studies on the Bathypelagic Fishes of the Family Paralepididae. 1. Survey of the Genera. Pacific Science, Volume: 7, Number: 2 ISSN  0030-8870
  • Joseph S. Nelson , Terry C. Grande, Mark VH Wilson: Fishes of the World. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2016, ISBN 978-1118342336 .
  • Bent J. Muus, Jørgen G. Nielsen: The marine fish of Europe in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Atlantic. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-440-07804-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Matthew P. Davis: Evolutionary relationships of the Aulopiformes (Euteleostei: Cyclosquamata): a molecular and total evidence approach. in JS Nelson, H.-P. Schultze & MVH Wilson (Eds.): Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. Publishing house Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, Germany - ISBN 978-3-89937-107-9
  2. ↑ Michael J. Ghedotti, Ryan W. Barton, Andrew M. Simons, Matthew P. Davis: The first report of luminescent liver tissue in fishes: Evolution and structure of bioluminescent organs in the deep-sea naked barracudinas (Aulopiformes: Lestidiidae). Journal of Morphology, 2014, DOI: 10.1002 / jmor.20341
  3. ↑ Matthew P. Davis, Christopher Fielitz: Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (2010) 1194-1208

Web links

Commons : Paralepididae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files