Bavarian quarter

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Bavarian quarter, row of houses

The Bavarian Quarter is located in the Schöneberg district of Berlin . It is located between Tauentzienstrasse in the north and Wexstrasse in the south, between Bundesallee in the west and Martin-Luther-Strasse in the east. Bayerischer Platz forms the center .

It was built at the beginning of the 20th century and is one of the preferred residential areas in Berlin.

history

The Bayerischer Platz, in the background the underground station and the tower of the Schöneberg town hall
Monument to the destroyed synagogue
The Bavarian Quarter, 1935 (detail)

The Berlinische Boden-Gesellschaft (BBG) under its co-founder Salomon Haberland built the district between 1900 and 1914 for an upper-class audience. Financially strong sections of the population were to be won over in order to generate more tax income for the then independent city of Schöneberg.

Elegant facades, up to 250 m² apartments with reception rooms, front gardens, green decorative spaces and a dedicated underground station on today's U4 line shaped the quarter. Numerous streets were given the names of Bavarian cities. The planning of the houses was done by architects who understood the South German Renaissance style , the "old Nuremberg construction". The buildings got decorated turrets, stepped gables and lattice windows.

The residents of the neighborhood were doctors, lawyers, senior civil servants, artists, and intellectuals. They included Albert Einstein , Alfred Kerr , Arno Holz , Eduard Bernstein , Erich Fromm , Gottfried Benn , Emanuel Lasker , Kurt Pinthus , Rudolf Breitscheid , Erwin Piscator and Inge Deutschkron . Marcel Reich-Ranicki , Gisèle Freund and Pem grew up there.

The neighborhood was a magnet for Jewish citizens. In 1909 they built an orthodox synagogue with a daycare center , classrooms and a library on Münchener Straße . The Evangelical Church of Heilsbronnen on Heilbronner Strasse was not built until three years later. After 1933 , many of the neighborhood's Jewish residents emigrated from Germany. The Werner-Siemens-Realgymnasium in Hohenstaufenstrasse, half of whose students came from Jewish families, had to close the upper school in 1934 due to a lack of students and was closed in 1935. The Holocaust devastated the district in its own way: of around 16,000 Jewish residents of the Bavarian Quarter, around 6,000 were deported to National Socialist extermination camps in 1943 .

In the nights from March 1 to March 2, 1943 and from November 22 to 23, 1943, allied air raids and subsequent fires destroyed around 75 percent of the area. The Bayerischer Platz was established in February 1945 by a bomb hit. There were large gaps, especially north of Grunewaldstrasse . Between 1955 and 1959, as part of the Berlin development program, they were closed with four-story new buildings, and the historic block development was broken up. The badly damaged synagogue on Münchener Strasse was demolished in 1956. In the 1960s, as everywhere in West Berlin , historical facade decorations were removed during renovations , following the spirit of the times . Old buildings that were renovated later have been restored in accordance with the preservation order.

Places of remembrance

Remembering forced first names ( name change regulation )

To commemorate the Jewish residents murdered by the National Socialists , the artists Renata Stih and Frieder Schnock realized the nationwide monument on behalf of the Berlin Senate in 1993 under the title Places of Remembrance in the Bavarian Quarter: Exclusion and Disenfranchisement, Expulsion, Deportation and Murder of Berlin Jews from 1933 to 1945 . It consists of 80 double signs attached to street lighting masts (picture and text side), three general plans with maps of the district from 1933 and 1993 (set up at Bayerischer Platz, at the school on Münchener Straße and in front of Schöneberg Town Hall ) and an accompanying publication inserted folding plan. The boards show pictures, symbols or pictograms on the one hand, and excerpts from National Socialist legal and ordinance texts on the other, which marked the disenfranchisement of Jews in Germany.

In the Schöneberg town hall - on the southern edge of the Bavarian Quarter - the exhibition We Were Neighbors - Biographies of Jewish Contemporary Witnesses has been on view since 2005 , an important memorial in Berlin. Organized by ask! Association for Encounter and Remembrance e. V. in cooperation with the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district office of Berlin, it has collected 152 family albums (as of 2015) about former Jewish neighbors from the Bavarian Quarter and the entire district. The exhibition gives a clear idea of ​​life in Berlin before 1933 and of the gradual exclusion and disenfranchisement, expulsion, deportation and murder of Berlin Jews. The Bavarian Quarter becomes an exemplary place in the district and in the collective memory of the city. This claim is complemented by the Café Haberland on Bayerischer Platz.

literature

  • Places of remembrance: Volume 1, The Monument in the Bavarian Quarter , Schöneberg Art Office, Schöneberg Museum in collaboration with the House of the Wannsee Conference Memorial (publisher), Berlin 1994, Edition Hentrich, ISBN 3-89468-146-2 .
  • Places of remembrance: Volume 2, Jewish everyday life in the Bavarian Quarter , Schöneberg Art Office, Schöneberg Museum in cooperation with the House of the Wannsee Conference Memorial (publisher), Berlin 1995, Edition Hentrich, ISBN 3-89468-147-0 .
  • We were neighbors - biographies of Jewish contemporary witnesses. An exhibition in the Berlin memory landscape, ask! Association for Encounter and Remembrance (ed.), With a video documentation on mini-DVD , Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-938485-73-6 .
  • Renata Stih, Frieder Schnock: Places of Remembrance in the Bavarian Quarter , Berlin 2002, Haude + Spenersche Verlagbuchhandlung, ISBN 3-7759-0473-5 .
  • Gudrun Blankenburg: The Bavarian Quarter in Berlin-Schöneberg. Life in a history book. Berlin 2010. Hendrik Bäßler Verlag. ISBN 978-3-930388-60-8 .
  • Ruth Federspiel (Hrsg.), Ruth Jacob (Hrsg.): Jewish Doctors in Schöneberg - Topography of a Expulsion , 128 pages, flap brochure, 34 illustrations, Berlin 2012, Hentrich & Hentrich-Verlag ISBN 978-3-942271-76-9 .
  • Herbert Mayer: History lesson in the Bavarian Quarter . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 4, 1998, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 73-78 ( luise-berlin.de ).

Web links

Commons : Bayerisches Viertel  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Google Maps. In: google.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Remembrance in Schöneberg (English)
  3. ↑ Exhibition We Were Neighbors
  4. ^ Café Haberland - contemporary history portal and restaurant

Coordinates: 52 ° 29 ′ 20 ″  N , 13 ° 20 ′ 23 ″  E