Pickling (crop protection)

Stain on maize kernels, they are naturally yellow, the stain is noticeable through dye

Rapeseed, which is naturally black, is colored by the growers in their respective colors; leftovers from different growers were mixed here

With pickling or pickling or seed dressing is referred to in the agriculture, forestry and in landscaping and horticulture treatment of seeds and plants with pesticides to the sowing or planting antifungal ( emergence diseases ) and from pests (mostly insects or birds ) to protect, to which seedlings and young plants are particularly susceptible. Grain seeds are treated with fungicides against emergence diseases. Corn, sugar beet and rapeseed, on the other hand, are also treated with insecticides . Pickling agents usually have a systemic effect; H. the active ingredient is also transported into new parts of the plant with the sap flow .

An employee picking dressings

history

Dressing seeds is a very old technique; Leek juice was used as a dressing agent as early as 450 BC ; Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used olive pomace , ashes, onion stock or cypress juice to disinfect seeds and thus protect them from pathogens. In the Middle Ages, liquid manure was widely used as a pickling agent. From 1660, seeds were treated with Glauber's salt and copper with moderate success; from 1740 copper vitriol and arsenic preparations and in 1765 the hot water pickle were added. At the end of the 19th century the very effective (but also very poisonous) mercury pickles were developed, which were considered "universal pickles" until the ban in 1982 in Germany. Thus, the seed treatment in 1914 Uspulun introduced in the late 1920s with the Trockenbeize Ceresan was replaced. Since the 1970s, less toxic, but still effective dressing agents from crop protection companies have been on the market. In the 1980s a number of new active ingredients came onto the market ( Bitertanol in 1979 , Triadimenol in 1980 , Pencycuron in 1986 , Fluazinam in 1990 ). In 1991, Imidacloprid , an insecticide stain from the neonicotinoid group, was introduced for the first time .

Active ingredients

In addition to grain, maize and rapeseed, potato tubers and the seeds of some types of vegetables ( onions , carrots ) are also dressed.

Grain pickling

Source:

Pickling agents	Active ingredient	Fusarium culmorum	Snow mold	Stone fire / hard fire	Septoria nodorum	Stem brandy	Flight burn	Streak disease	Typhula rot	Mesh patches	Black-leggedness
Universal pickling
EfA	Fluoxastrobin 37.5 g / l prothioconazole 25 g / l tebuconazole 3.5 g / l triazoxide 10 g / l	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes
Orius Universal	Tebuconazole 15 g / l Prochloraz 60 g / l	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Landor CT	Tebuconazole 5 g / l Difenoconazole 20 g / l Fludioxonil 25 g / l	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ruby TT	Prochloraz 38.6 g / l pyrimethanil 42 g / l triticonazole 25 g / l	Yes	Yes	Yes	side effect	Yes	Yes	Yes		side effect
(no admission)	Sedaxan 50 g / l Difenoconazole 25 g / l Fludioxonil 25 g / l	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pickling agents for wheat, rye, triticale
Arena C	Tebuconazole 5 g / l fludioxonil 25 g / l	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Celest	Fludioxonil 25 g / l	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cerall (organic)	Pseudomonas chloraphis 200 g / l	Yes		Yes	Yes
Dressing preparations for barley
Baytan UFB	Triadimenol 75 g / l Imazalil 10 g / l Fuberidazole 9 g / l						Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cedomon (organic)	Pseudomonas chloraphis 100 g / l	Yes						Yes		Yes
yes G	Cyproconazole 5 g / l Imazalil 26.6 g / l						Yes	Yes	side effect
Special pickles
Latitude	Silthiofam 125 g / l										Yes
Contur plus	Cyfluthrin 125 g / l	Fallow fly in wheat
(no admission)	Cypermethrin 100 g / l

Corn pickling

Source:

Active ingredient	Emerging diseases: Fusarium , Pythium and Rhizoctonia species	Repellent against birds	Fried fly	Wireworm	Western corn rootworm
Thiram	Yes
Ziram	Yes	Yes
Fludioxonil + metalaxyl	Yes
Methiocarb		Yes	Yes
Neonicotinoids ( Clothianidin , Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam )			Yes	Yes	Yes

Rape pickling

Source:

Active ingredient		Emergence diseases: Alternaria , Fusarium , Phoma lingam	Wrong mildew	Big rapeseed flea	Little cabbage fly
Thiram (TMTD)		Yes
Dimethomorph (DMM)			Yes
Neonicotinoids	Clothianidin + cyfluthrin			Yes	Yes
	Imidacloprid + cyfluthrin			Yes
	Thiamethoxam			Yes

formulation

The most frequently used types of dressing are dry dressing ( DS ), wet dressing ( LS ) and suspension dressing ( FS ). Dry pickling is increasingly being replaced by wet and liquid pickling because of its dust development and increased abrasion losses.

Conspicuous coloring

Grain and maize seeds are often denatured against bird damage and colored conspicuously in order to prevent accidental use as fodder or for food.

Pilling

Pilled sugar beet seeds (left) and natural (right)

Pilling is a special form of pickling ; The seeds are surrounded by a layer of pesticides and fertilizers so that each seed has a uniform weight and size. Pilled seeds are suitable for the precision sowing of z. B. sugar beets are necessary so that the labor-intensive chopping to separate the beets in spring can be omitted. The process is labor and resource-saving and in certain respects environmentally friendly, because 100 grams of active ingredient can be enough to treat the seeds for one hectare.

literature

• KA Jeffs: Seed Treatment . The British Crop Protection Council, Lavenham 1986, ISBN 0-948404-00-0 .
• Ernst Klapp : Textbook of arable and crop production . 6th edition, Berlin 1967.

Web links

• Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants
• Dressed seeds - what does it mean? (More in-depth article on pickling past and present on a commercial horticultural site)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Bayer - 90 years of competence in pickling ( memento of November 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on November 4, 2013; PDF; 518 kB).
2. ↑ Test results with potato dressing in Bavaria  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 596 kB).  
3. ↑ 100 years of innovations in the field of seed treatment .
4. ^ Bernhard Werner, LWK Hannover: Saatgutbeizung. After the harvest is before the harvest . In: Land & Forst . tape 168 , no. 31 , July 2015, p. 16-19 .
5. ↑ First wheat SDHI seed dressing set for 2016 launch. In: Farmers Weekly . June 4, 2015, accessed August 11, 2015 . 
6. ↑ Can the corn kernel still be optimally protected?
7. ↑ ^{a b} entry on emergence diseases. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on October 13, 2014.
8. ↑ ^{a b} Restricted throughout Europe since 2013 , some national bans.
9. ↑ Pest control in rapeseed without neonicotinoids .