Clothianidin

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Structural formula
Structure of clothianidin
General
Surname Clothianidin
other names

( E ) -1- (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl) -3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine

Molecular formula C 6 H 8 ClN 5 O 2 S
Brief description

pale yellow, odorless powder

External identifiers / databases
CAS number 210880-92-5
EC number 433-460-1
ECHA InfoCard 100.103.171
PubChem 213027
Wikidata Q419355
properties
Molar mass 249.68 g mol −1
Physical state

firmly

density

1.61 g cm −3

Melting point

178.8 ° C

Vapor pressure

1.3 · 10 −10 Pa (25 ° C)

solubility
safety instructions
GHS hazard labeling from  Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (CLP) , expanded if necessary
07 - Warning 09 - Dangerous for the environment

Caution

H and P phrases H: 302-410
P: 273-501
As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Clothianidin is an insecticide and belongs to the neonicotinoid group of active ingredients . It was jointly developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG around 2000 and approved in Germany in 2004 under the product name Poncho.

After massive bee deaths in the Upper Rhine Plain in April / May 2008 , the German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety suspended the approval of eight seed dressings on May 15, 2008. Six of them contained combinations of active ingredients that contained clothianidin or the related active ingredient thiamethoxam, one contained only clothianidin and one only contained the snail control agent methiocarb . A few weeks later, clothianidin was again approved for seed dressing (except maize). Due to the PflSchSaatgAnwendV of July 22, 2016 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 1782), the use of seeds treated with clothianidin, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam for winter cereals is prohibited.

effect

Clothianidin is a systemic insecticide with contact and pest toxin effects. It is mainly absorbed through the roots, but also through the leaves and is well distributed in the plant. It acts as an agonist on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors .

application

The insecticide is used against numerous sucking and biting insects such as aphids, thrips , whitefly in many different cultures. Due to its high root systemicity, it should also be possible to use it for soil and seed treatment.

Like Imidacloprid, it is suitable for dressing seeds. Clothianidin has about twice the effect of imidacloprid. In addition, it should show good translaminar distribution, as the active ingredient is transported via the conductive tissue ( xylem ) into the leaves and stalks and also to the undersides of the leaves. As a rule, sprayed pesticides only reach the underside of the leaves to a limited extent.

The active ingredient continues to work well into summer and is effective against biting and sucking pests. When used properly in agricultural practice, other insects, aquatic plants and fish should not, or only very slightly, be influenced. The intended use of products containing clothianidin should be safe for bees, according to the manufacturer.

In terms of food technology, neonicotinoids are now among the most frequently detectable pesticides in nightshade plants . According to Bayer Crop Science, the mean half-life in the soil is 120 days; according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , the half-life for aerobic degradation in soils is 148 to 1155 days. The degradation of clothianidin in the soil after seed dressing takes place via mineralization . It is mainly used in maize ( western corn rootworm ), wheat and canola (rapeseed).

Ecotoxicity

After the Comité Scientifique et Technique de l'Etude Multifactorielle des Troubles des Abeilles determined the toxicity of the imidacloprid insecticide Gaucho in its final report in 2003 , the German professional and professional beekeeping association called in 2004 together with the Naturschutzbund (NABU), the coordination against Bayer -Dangers and the Austrian environmental organization GLOBAL 2000 on the German government to withdraw the approval of the insecticides Imidacloprid, Thiacloprid and Clothianidin until the hazards have been clarified.

The German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, due to clear connections in the event of massive bee deaths in the Rhine Valley in spring 2008, stopped the sale, use and approval of a total of eight seed treatment products, including the poncho product sold by Bayer CropScience with the active ingredient clothianidin, however, some weeks later they were partially re-admitted.

A study published in 2009 by the University of Padua examined the effects of plants made from seeds treated with clothianidin on bees. As it turned out, bees ingest the insecticide through guttation drops on these plants. Since the seed was pickled, the poison is present in the whole plant, especially in the xylem sap and therefore in the guttation drops. Depending on the concentration, the insecticide takes effect after a few minutes: curvature of the abdomen, vomiting, loss of coordination, paralysis of the wing and death. In addition to Poncho, the imidacloprid preparations Gaucho and Cruiser with Thiamethoxam from Syngenta were also tested . Clothianidin and thiamethoxane were found to be significantly more toxic than imidacloprid despite their comparatively lower concentration in the guttation drops.

The extent to which bee colonies can later be poisoned by collecting maize pollen has not yet been clarified. This is made more difficult in particular by the fact that the bee colonies are burdened by the parasite varroa mite later in the year , and several factors can therefore play a role. In spring and early summer (as happened in the Rhine Valley), however, damage from the Varroa mite due to the relationship between the population dynamics of the bee colony and the mite can be ruled out.

A systematic review from 2012 found that many laboratory studies had shown lethal and sub- lethal effects of neonicotinoids on the ability to procure food, learn and remember, while studies under realistic field conditions with correspondingly lower doses had shown no effects.

A review article also published in 2012 could not support the hypothesis of a colony collapse due to neonicotinoid residues in pollen and nectar based on the Bradford Hill criteria for the time being, as there are considerable gaps in knowledge.

According to a review published in 2014, a single causal relationship between the use of neonicotinoids and bee deaths cannot yet be concluded due to gaps in knowledge. The bee mortality occurred before the widespread use of neonicotinoids and there was a weak geographical correlation between neonicotinoid use and bee deaths.

A review article on neonicotinoids, also published in 2014, compared a number of recent laboratory studies with field studies. While laboratory studies have found sublethal effects, these effects have not been proven in field studies. The authors conclude that the laboratory studies overestimated the bees' concentration, feeding time and food choices.

A systematic review published in August 2015 (Lundin et al., 2015) examined the research methods and gaps in research on neonicotinoids and bees using 216 individual studies published by June 2015. The authors concluded that despite numerous research activities, there are still significant knowledge gaps. Most of the studies looked at Europe and North America and a few crops (corn, oilseed rape, sunflower) and species (mainly Apis mellifera ), although the relationships in other regions, crops and species may be different. In addition, despite many laboratory studies, there is a lack of field studies, and field studies have primarily examined the exposure of bees to neonicotinoids, but there is insufficient knowledge about the effects of this exposure. Furthermore, research so far has focused on individual bees, although the effects on bee colonies can be different. Although there are indications of interactions between different classes of insecticide and synergistic insecticide-pathogen / parasite interactions, the latter may have been overestimated under realistic field conditions. Research also needs to clarify how relevant neonicotinoids are compared to other possible causes of bee mortality.

A field study published in 2019 shows that clothianidin is less harmful to honey bees than to wild bees such as bumblebees . This could be related to the fact that honey bees are more robust than wild bees due to the size of their bee colonies and they can therefore better compensate for an individual loss.

regulation

European Union

The use of clothianidin is approved in the EU and 21 member states, but was severely restricted for several important uses, such as the seed dressing of maize and rapeseed, for two years from December 1, 2013 due to risks for honey bees (see Neonicotinoids # EU -Restrictions from 2013 ). The permitted daily dose is 0.097, the acute reference dose 0.1 and the acceptable user exposure 0.1 milligrams per kilogram of body weight and day.

An EFSA opinion published on February 28, 2018 confirmed the risks for wild and honey bees. This report is the basis for further approval decisions or restrictions.

Most of the approvals for dressings containing clothianidin apply to maize, sugar beet and rapeseed. A few other approvals exist in a few countries for cereals, mustard, poppy seeds and chicory. In France, the active ingredient can only be applied to maize in granulate form.

A plant protection product containing the active ingredient is available in Austria.

On April 27, 2018, the EU Commission passed a vote to ban outdoor crops.

In August 2018, the approval for outdoor use was revoked on September 18, 2018. Pesticides with this active ingredient may only be used in permanent greenhouses and for the treatment of seeds that are intended for application in the greenhouse. Treated seeds, which are intended to be sown outdoors, were allowed to be sown until December 18, 2018.

The approval in the EU expired on January 31, 2019. Nevertheless, its use remains permitted in five Member States. In addition, the active ingredient manufactured by BASF is also sold on the Brazilian market.

USA and Canada

In August 2008, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) sued the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for disclosure of information on clothianidin and bee deaths under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) . The EPA denied the allegations, stating that it had never kept such information secret. The NRDC's lawsuit was dismissed in October 2009.

The responsible federal authority in Canada , Santé Canada , has regulated the active ingredients clothianidin and thiamethoxam from August 2018 with the aim of completely banning them in 5 years (i.e. 2023). Until then, the farmers should check alternatives in use and can use up remaining stocks.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Entry on clothianidin. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on November 12, 2014.
  2. ↑ Data sheet Clothianidin from Sigma-Aldrich , accessed on May 13, 2017 ( PDF ).
  3. ↑ EPA factsheet (English) .
  4. ↑ a b BVL: Clothianidin data sheet .
  5. ↑ a b c Entry on Clothianidin in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on February 5, 2017(JavaScript required) .
  6. ↑ Entry on (E) -1- (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl) -3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine (Clothianidin) in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on 1 February 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can extend the harmonized classification and labeling .
  7. ↑ a b Gerlinde Nachtigall: According to studies by the Julius Kühn Institute, seeds dressed with clothianidin are the cause of current damage to bees in Baden-Württemberg. Julius Kühn-Institut, press release from May 16, 2008 from Informationsdienst Wissenschaft (idw-online.de), accessed on August 24, 2015.
  8. ↑ a b young world: Beekeepers protest against the re-approval of insecticide by Bayer AG , July 19, 2008.
  9. ↑ Plant Protection Seed Application Ordinance
  10. ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances: Pesticide Fact Sheet "Clothianidin", Conditional Registration, May 30, 2003, Page 15 (PDF file).
  11. ↑ Stern: Federal agency stops bee venom .
  12. ↑ Hanno Charisius : Death in the corn field . Süddeutsche Zeitung No. 114 (May 17/18, 2008); P. 22.
  13. ↑ V. Girolami, L. Mazzon, A. Squartini, N. Mori, M. Marzaro: Translocation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides From Coated Seeds to Seedling Guttation Drops: A Novel Way of Intoxication for Bees . In: Journal of Economic Entomology . tape 102 , no. 5 , October 1, 2009, p. 1808–1815 , doi : 10.1603 / 029.102.0511 ( oup.com [accessed March 19, 2019]).
  14. ↑ T. Blacquière, G. Smagghe, CA. van Gestel, V. Mommaerts: Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment . In: Ecotoxicology . tape 21 , no. 4 , 2012, p. 973-992 , doi : 10.1007 / s10646-012-0863-x .
  15. ↑ James E Cresswell, Nicolas Desneux, Dennis van Engelsdorp: Dietary traces of neonicotinoid pesticides as a cause of population declines in honey bees: an evaluation by Hill's epidemiological criteria . In: Pest Management Science . tape 68 , no. 6 , 2012, p. 819-827 , doi : 10.1002 / ps.3290 .
  16. ↑ H. Charles J. Godfray, Tjeerd Blacquière, Linda M. Field, Rosemary S. Hails, Gillian Petrokofsky, Simon G. Potts, Nigel E. Raine, Adam J. Vanbergen, Angela R. McLean: A restatement of the natural science evidence base concerning neonicotinoid insecticides and insect pollinators . In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B . tape 281 , no. 1786 , 2014, p. 20140558 , doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2014.0558 .
  17. ↑ Norman L Carreck, Francis LW Ratnieks: The dose makes the poison: have “field realistic” rates of exposure of bees to neonicotinoid insecticides been overestimated in laboratory studies? In: Journal of Apicultural Research . tape 53 , no. 5 , 2014, p. 607-614 , doi : 10.3896 / IBRA.1.53.5.08 .
  18. ↑ Ola Lundin, Maj Rundlöf, Henrik G. Smith, Ingemar Fries, Riccardo Bommarco: Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Their Impacts on Bees: A Systematic Review of Research Approaches and Identification of Knowledge Gaps . In: PLOS One . August 27, 2015, p. 1-20 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0136928 .
  19. ↑ Field study supports insecticide ban. In: biooekonomie.de. May 6, 2019, accessed May 6, 2019 .
  20. ↑ a b Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety of the European Commission: Entry on clothianidin in the EU pesticide database; Entry in the national registers of plant protection products in Switzerland , Austria and Germany ; accessed on December 8, 2019.
  21. ↑ Evaluation of the data on clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam for the updated risk assessment to bees for seed treatments and granules in the EU | European Food Safety Authority. Accessed March 19, 2018 (English).
  22. ↑ EFSA: Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin . In: EFSA Journal . tape 11 , no. 1 , 2013, p. 3066 , doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2013.3066 .
  23. ↑ Fight against bee mortality: EU bans neonicotinoids in fields ( memento of July 24, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) br.de , April 27, 2018
  24. ↑ Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety: BVL - Fachmachrichten - Revocation of the approval of plant protection products with the neonicotinoid active ingredients Clothianidin, Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam on September 18, 2018 , accessed on December 8, 2018
  25. ^ Clothianidin in the EU Pesticides database - European Commission. Retrieved April 25, 2020 .
  26. ^ Benjamin Luig, Fran Paula de Castro, Alan Tygel, Lena Luig, Simphiwe Dada, Sarah Schneider, Jan Urhahn: Hazardous pesticides. (PDF; 2.4 MB) from Bayer and BASF - a global business with double standards. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation , INKOTA network , Episcopal Aid Organization Misereor u. a., April 2020, accessed on April 25, 2020 .
  27. ↑ EPA Responds to NRDC's 2008 Freedom of Information Act Complaint
  28. ↑ Santé Canada lance une concertation pour l'élimination de deux pesticides de la famille des neonicotinoïdes , August 16, 2018 (in French).