Bitter pine cone
| Bitter pine cone | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bitter pine cone ( Strobilurus tenacellus ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Strobilurus tenacellus | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers. ) Singer |
The Bitter pine cone or bitter pine cones Nail sponge ( Strobilurus tenacellus Syn. : Pseudohiatula tenacella ) is a fungal art from the family of chaga relatives (Physalacriaceae). It grows on fallen and buried pine cones and forms between March and April 5–7 cm high and 1–2 cm wide, reddish or soot-brown fruiting bodies. Outwardly, these are similar to those of the mild pine cone carrot and can only be distinguished from them microscopically, as the content of bitter substances from which they are named varies in both species.
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting body of the bitter pine cone root is long-stemmed and has an initially, later flattened hat, which gives it the appearance of a nail; this corresponds to the alternative name Bitter Nail Sponge. The smooth and dry cap of the fruit body has a diameter of 1–2 cm and is reddish to soot-brown in color. In damp weather, its edge is slightly grooved to clearly hygrophan . In young fruiting bodies the lamellae are whitish, with increasing age they turn gray-ocher and yellow towards the edge. They are grown on to free-standing. The reddish ocher stem measures 5–7 cm in height above the ground. A 5–8 cm pseudo-root joins the underground and rests on the subterranean substrate, i.e. the pine cone. The fruit body has a thin flesh of the mushroom that does not have a distinctive odor and can taste mild or bitter. The spore print is white.
Outwardly, the fruiting body not only resembles that of the mild pine cone , which grows around the same time, but also other mushrooms that grow on cones. Similar fruiting bodies appear in autumn in particular, such as the mouse tail rubble ( Baeospora myosurus ) or the spruce cone rubble ( S. esculentus ). The mouse tail root can be identified by the macroscopic features, the spruce cone by the substrate. In contrast, the mild pine cone can only be separated from the bitter pine cone on the basis of microscopic properties.
Microscopic features
Like all pine cones, the bitter pine cone has smooth, hyaline and inamyloid spores with thin walls that cannot be colored with cotton blue. They are 6.5–8.0 × 3.0–4.5 µm in size and sit in groups of four on the 20–35 × 7.5–11 µm large basidia .
The clearest distinguishing feature from the mild pine cone carrion is the existing cheilo and pleurocystidae of the fungus: while the mild pine cone carrot has thick, blunt and encrusted cystides, those of the bitter pine cone carrot are pointed and largely free of crystals. They measure 50–60 µm in height and 12–13 µm in width and arise in the subhymenium below the fruit layer . The cap skin has a hymeniform structure, which means that its cell structure resembles the arrangement of the cells in the fruit layer of the fungus. It also has bottle-shaped to club-shaped pileocystids. The flesh of the stem is sarcodimitic : instead of an ordinary Dimitic trama, the bitter pine cone has an arrangement of normal generative hyphae as well as bottle-shaped, thick-walled and long generative hyphae ; the generative hyphae thus assume the function of the skeletal hyphae.
Chemical composition
Like other cones, the fruiting bodies of the species contain strobilurins . These hydrocarbon compounds work as insecticides and fungicides, and allow the bitter pine cone to dominate its niche over other saprobionts. Strobilurin kills both non-strobilurin-containing fungi and wood-dwelling insects and other animals of the same temperature by inhibiting cell respiration in the mitochondria. In contrast, cold-blooded animals break down the substance very quickly and show no harmful effects.
distribution
The distribution area of the bitter pine cone carrot covers large parts of Europe. It is apparently missing on the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland. Otherwise it can be found in all regions from France to the European part of Russia. The vertical distribution ranges from the lowlands to the high mountains.
ecology
The Bitter pine cone like all strobilurus a saprobiontic extending from vermorschenden conifer cones in the optimum phase fed. In keeping with its name, it usually grows on pine cones ( Pinus ). In Central Europe, the journals of Scots pine ( P. sylvestris ) common substrate, besides also black ( P. nigra ) and mountain pine ( P. mugo ). In mixed locations of pine and spruce ( Picea ) it can occasionally grow on spruce cones.
The species does not make any special demands on the location. It occurs wherever pines grow and is found in its range in all types of climate, soil and vegetation. The fruiting bodies appear late in high altitudes from April to June, and even in March if the weather is suitable. Particularly in the lowlands, a second fructification period can occur if the conditions are right.
Systematics
According to DNA analyzes, contrary to what the external appearance and ecology suggest, it is not the mild pine cone root ( S. stephanocystis ), but the spruce cone root ( S. esculentus ), the sister species of the bitter pine cone root. Both species have a similar cystid structure, which consists of thin, pointed cystids without incrustation.
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
- David Moore, Geoff Robson, Tony Trinci: 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00676-8 .
- Cornelis Bas (Ed.): Flora agaricina Neerlandica. Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti occurring in the Netherlands. Volume 4: A: General Part. B: Taxonomic Part: Strophariaceae, Tricholomataceae. Part 3. Balkema, Rotterdam et al. 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 .
- Michał Ronikier, Anna Ronikier: Rhizomarasmius epidryas (Physalacriaceae): Phylogenetic Placement of an Arctic-Alpine Fungus with Obligate Saprobic Affinity to Dryas spp. In: Mycologia. Vol. 102, No. 5, September / October 2011, ISSN 0027-5514 , pp. 1124-1132, doi : 10.3852 / 11-018 .
- Irmtraud Thaler, Felizitas Vennigerholz and Manfred Gailhofer: The fine structure of the cystids of Strobilurus stephanocystis and St. tenacellus (Tricholomataceae). In: Phyton (Austria). Vol. 29, No. 2, 1989, ISSN 0079-2047 , pp. 263-275, (online as PDF; 3.34 MB ).
Web links
- Strobilurus tenacellus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on December 19, 2011 (Italian, good photos of the bitter pine cone with many micrographs.).
Individual evidence
- ↑ synonyms of Strobilurus tenacellus. (Pers.) Singer, Persoonia 2 (3): 409 (1962). In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved December 19, 2011 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Nordeloos et al. 1999 , p. 178.
- ↑ a b Krieglsteiner & Gminder 2001 , pp. 518-519.
- ↑ a b c Krieglsteiner & Gminder 2001 , p. 519.
- ↑ Thaler et al. 1989 , p. 268.
- ↑ Moore et al. 2011 , p. 527.
- ↑ a b Nordeloos et al. 1999 , p. 178.
- ↑ Ronikier & Ronikier 2011 .