Bregenzerwälderhaus
The Bregenzerwälderhaus is the traditional rural house form of the Bregenzerwald ( Vorarlberg / Austria ), which still characterizes the landscape of the region today. With the change in the economic structure of the Bregenzerwald, this type of building has lost its original meaning as a paradigm for agricultural construction in the region. The qualities of this type are still understood today as a model for contemporary building activity in Vorarlberg, applied to new building projects and further developed. The building type developed differently in the front (Vorderwald) and in the rear Bregenzerwald (Hinterwald) due to different economic conditions and supraregional influences. Often as Wälderhaus is Einhof of the background Bregenzerwald 19th century referred to the Einhof from the front Bregenz Forest, whose influence is from Allgäuerhaus comes, differs.
Building culture in the Bregenz Forest
In addition to the baroque master builders, the Auer Zunft , the building trade in the Bregenzerwald has a long tradition. So brought the carpenter Johann Wilhelm (1595–1676) from Bezau , who settled in Frankfurt am Main as a citizen, in 1668 a two-volume work, the Architectura civilis , which reached several editions and until the second half of the 18th century as Standard work of wood construction was considered.
The courtyard and house forms within the Bregenzerwald are divided into two parts: the front and the rear Bregenzerwald, with the course of the Subersach forming the border between the front and rear forest. In addition, a change in the Hinterbregenzerwald Einhof in the 19th century should be noted. The house types are mostly an elongated block construction with a "hallway and / or kitchen floor plan" under a sloping gable roof with board-lined fore and utility wing , lattice windows and shutters that serve as weather protection, and shingling of the outer facade.
function
The Bregenzerwald house lined up in a single building, the Housing function, livestock , stockpiling and equipment storage in First toward each other and thus belongs to the group of in West Austria widespread farmstead layout of Einhofs. The type is counted among the secondary single courtyards, as it developed from couple and group courtyards in which the residential house, barn (storage and storage of equipment) and stable were housed in separate structures. Systems of this older type have been preserved in isolated cases in the Kleinwalsertal . The original separation of the individual functions can still be traced in the floor plan of older Einhöfe, which have an open passage between the residential and farm wing, the courtyard (Hinterwald) and Untertenn (Vorderwald).
The Einhof of the Vorderbregenzerwald
The Vorderwälder Einhof is often referred to as the Allgäu House because of its similarity and geographical proximity to southern Germany . The structure is striking because of its dimensions and unity. In terms of layout and type, the house belongs to the middle- corridor type that is predominant in Vorarlberg , which is a striking difference to the Einhof in the Hinterbregenzerwald, as the front door, which is usually located on the front, leads into a corridor from which one can enter the kitchen, living room and chambers can enter the utility room through a rear door .
The Einhof of the Hinterbregenzerwald (the "classic" forest house)
Mostly older courtyards from the 17th and 18th centuries have been preserved as two-storey block structures from Egg to Schoppernau . These have a sloping roof with clapboard roofing. The scoops, which run the full length of the building, in frame construction and clad with boards, are additions to both sides of the eaves and extend under the roof. They are about half the width of the room, which gives the courtyards a broad character, and they serve different purposes. From Schopf of passes you in the hallway kitchen in office, Gaden leads (bedroom) and chambers. The utility area is usually accessible from outside.
construction
If the topographical and climatic conditions allow, the Bregenzerwälderhaus is built in an east-west direction , the living side facing the morning sun.
Residential wing
The residential wing is regularly built over a foundation that is used as a cellar . The Bregenzerwälderhaus has a mezzanine floor, an upper floor, and younger types also have an attic. The residential wing on the mezzanine floor is designed as a hall kitchen house . The hallway of the house, located in the middle of the house and running from eaves to eaves, also serves as a kitchen and access area for living room and bedroom ( Gaden ) . On the eaves side, the bedroom is usually connected to a shed , a chamber or a parlor . In the front of the Bregenzerwald, a more generous type with gable-sided access and a central fore developed.
A special feature of the residential wing is the aforementioned shed , a veranda-like porch with hinged shutters that extends over the entire sunny eaves side of the residential wing. On the side facing away from the sun, the Schopf is found in a closed construction and is thus integrated into the building as a comb or as a Stübl. In the warm season, the shed serves as a dining and lounge area, as a protected space for ornamental and useful plants and as a utility room. In terms of energy, the Schopf, with the shutters down, made a significant contribution to improving the heat balance of the Bregenzerwälderhaus in winter.
On the upper floor of the residential wing there are two chambers on the gable side that serve as sleeping places. The continuation of the two scoops on the upper floor (Oberschopf, Schlupf) are used as storage rooms. About the residential and farm tract separating Hof is located upstairs in the sun-facing eaves the Sälestüble to that shown in its original form Ausgedinge the parents used, but often is used as a guest room or as a workshop.
Economic tract
In the utility wing, on the gable side of the ground floor, there is the stable and adjoining it the threshing floor used as a traffic zone . The courtyard , originally a continuous access zone accessible from both sides, separates the residential wing from the commercial wing. In later forms, the courtyard is interrupted and greatly reduced by further utility rooms such as a wood floor or horse stable and is only accessible from one side. On the upper floor of the utility wing there are areas for storing hay (hayloft) and agricultural equipment.
Roof and facade
The roofing of the Bregenzerwälderhaus is always formed by a saddle roof that is flatter (18-22 degrees) in older types, later steeper (45 degrees). The gable facade of the Bregenzerwälderhaus is characterized by two to three rows of large windows with central beams. The windows are, atypical for a log building, very large and are one of the determining factors for the high quality of living in the Bregenzerwald house.
The facade of the Bregenzerwaldhaus was originally unclad and only provided with a protective coating. The houses have been provided with wooden shingle armor since the 19th century, which ensures better weather and heat protection.
Variations
In the Vorderwald, a modified type with a gable-sided center floor and more generous living space structure developed in the 18th century , probably as a result of land consolidations (field desolation) . In this type, both heads are usually fully integrated in the building.
Examples
- Forests House in Kohler Village , Wisconsin, United States (Foreign Foundation)
literature
- Georg Dehio (ed.): Dehio manual. The art monuments of Austria. Vorarlberg, revised. by Gert Ammann u. a. Vienna 1983, ISBN 3-7031-0585-2 - overview of the preserved buildings.
- Johann W. Deininger. The farmhouse in Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Vienna 1902
- Viktor Herbert Pöttler : Vorarlberg in the Austrian Open Air Museum . Self-published by the Austrian Open Air Museum, Stübing 1984, ISBN 3-7749-2183-0
Web links
credentials
- ^ Johann Wilhelm. Arichitectura civilis. Frankfurt 1668 (original in the Vorarlberg State Library).
- ↑ a b c cf. Paul Rachbauer : Hof- und Hausformen . In: Georg Dehio (ed.): Dehio manual. The art monuments of Austria. Vorarlberg , revised. by Gert Ammann u. a. Vienna 1983, pp. XXIII ff.