Bund - community for socialist life

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The Bund - Community for Socialist Life was founded in Essen in 1924 by seven women and two men who had met at the Essen Adult Education Center. The initiators were the doctorate mathematician , educator and philosopher Arthur Jacobs and his wife, the movement teacher Dore Jacobs , born Marcus. The goal was a way of life in which the whole person should be absorbed - body, mind and spirit. This also included movement and dance. This community was influenced by life reform , the youth movement and the idea of ​​the order. Originally it was called the Bund - Order for Socialist Politics and Lifestyle . The union was also shaped by the Kantian philosophy of Ernst Marcus , the father of Dore Jacobs.

organization

The founders formed the Inner Circle . They had made a commitment in which they declared that they would carry out the ideals and goals of the covenant. Another 30 to 40 members took on this obligation. At the end of the 1920s the number of members was less than 500. In 1931 the Federation had between 120 and 200 members. The federal government had local groups in Essen, Wuppertal , Remscheid , Mülheim , Krefeld , Duisburg and Marl .

The old Dore Jacobs house in Essen (2016)
Devices (2018)

The federal government had its own houses. From 1927 he had his first house in Essen, Leveringstrasse. It was a log cabin . Training rooms and the school for physical education and rhythmic education founded by Dore Jacobs were housed here. Some members also lived in the house. A branch of the Dore Jacobs Vocational College is still located here today. Other houses were in Essen-Stadtwald (Dönhof) and in Wuppertal, Ottostraße 29.

Jewish aid

After the November pogroms in 1938 , the Bund began actively helping Jews. The members provided accommodation, helped people flee abroad, and provided food and clothing. When the deportations began, they helped those persecuted to hide and survive underground. The following people were rescued:

  • Dore Jacobs from the Inner Circle . In September 1944 she had to go into hiding - who until then had been considered a privileged Jew because of her marriage . She found shelter with her husband on Lake Constance in a boarding house run by friends.
  • Lisa Jacob (born January 12, 1899 in Ratibor ) - not related to Dore Jacobs. The gymnastics teacher was also a member of the Bund. When she received a written request on April 12, 1942 to report for deportation, she went into hiding with the help of the federal government. She lived in hiding for three years.
  • Marianne Strauss-Ellenbogen (born June 7, 1923 in Essen) had only sporadic contact with the federal government before she fled. From August 1943 she had to hide underground. She kept changing apartments. She found help from members of the federal government in Essen, Braunschweig , Göttingen , Remscheid, Mülheim, Wuppertal and Burscheid . But among her helpers were also those who had no contact with the federal government.
  • Hanna Jordan and Eva Seligmann .

Righteous among the peoples

Some Bund members were honored as Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli memorial site Yad Vashem in the Israeli embassy in Berlin on September 15, 2005 for their help to Marianne Strauss : Fritz and Maria Briel, Emilie Busch, Hanni Ganzer, Hedwig Gehrke, Meta Kamp-Steinmann, Karin Morgenstern, Änne Schmitz and Grete Strüter.

literature

  • Lived utopia. From the life of a community. Documentation by Dore Jacobs (1975). - (Newly published: Lived Utopia. From the life of a community. Based on a documentation by Dore Jacobs. Ed. V. Else Bramesfeld et al .; Essen 1990. ISBN 3-88474-143-8 )
  • Mark Roseman : In an unguarded moment. A woman survives underground . Development of the Taschenbuch Verlag, Berlin 2004.
  • Angela Genger : Two who could save themselves. Help from the federal government for Marianne Strauss and Lisa Jacob from Essen. In: Beate Kosmala, Claudia Schoppmann (ed.): They remained invisible. Testimonials from the years 1941 to 1945 , Berlin 2006.
  • Mark Roseman: Saved history: Der Bund, community for socialist life in the Third Reich , in: " Mittelweg 36 ", magazine of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research , vol. 16, issue 1, 2007.
  • Norbert Reichling : With Kant against the Nazis: The “Bund” and its forgotten “Judenhilfswerk” in the Rhine-Ruhr area , in: Arno Lustiger : Rescue Resistance. about the rescuers of Jews in Europe during the Nazi era , Göttingen 2011.
  • Mark Roseman: Surviving Undetected. The Bund, Rescue and Memory in Germany , in: Jacques Semelin, Claire Andrieu, and Sarah Gensburger: Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue , Columbia University Press, New York 2011.
  • H. Walter Kern: Silent Heroes from Essen. Resisting in the Time of Persecution 1933–1945 , Essen 2014.
  • Mark Roseman: "You are not entirely abandoned." A story of salvation and resistance under National Socialism , Munich 2020.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Gerd Hergen Lübben , Auf narrow Grat. For learning and growing from the spirit of truth, art and humanity. Approaches to the educator Artur Jacobs - also with a view to the philosopher Ernst Marcus and the movement educator Dore Jacobs, née Marcus. ; in: "THE BRIDGE - Forum for Anti-Racist Politics and Culture" (Saarbrücken 2008), Issues 147–149; especially issue 147, pages 54 ff.
  2. ↑ See Mark Roseman, In an Unattended Moment. A woman survives underground ; Berlin 2004.
  3. ↑ Cf. Frank Friedhelm Homberg, Rescue Resistance in Wuppertal during National Socialism (dissertation), Düsseldorf 2008; especially p. 115 ff.