Burgus Dunakömlőd

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Dunakömlőd (Zádor – Imsós)
Burgus Lussonium 1
Alternative name The ancient name is unknown, the modern word formation Contra Lussonium is controversial.
limes Pannonian Limes
section 7th
Dating (occupancy) possibly Valentine ( Frigeridus dux)
Type Ländeburgus
size 100 × 55 m
Construction stone
State of preservation The remains of the wall are now completely under water and are no longer accessible.
place Paks , Dunakömlőd
Geographical location 46 ° 38 '15.7 "  N , 18 ° 53' 9.4"  E hf
Previous Lussonium Fort (northwest)
Subsequently Tolna Castle (Alta Ripa?) (Southwest)
The location of the Ländeburgus on the Lower Pannonian Danube Limes.
Paks and Kömlőd (Kimling) on ​​a section of a map from 1809. You can see the Imsós peninsula, the so-called Imsós crossing near Zádor and the Battyán vára (Battyán Castle), where the Lussonium Castle once stood.
The Lussonium fort and the Ländeburgus with the military road leading to Aquincum.
Ground plan of the Ländeburgus Contra Florentiam , the Burgus of Dunakömlőd could have looked like this or something similar.

The burgus Dunakömlőd , who is also under the name Zádor Imsós and Contra Lussonium has become known, was a former Roman Ländeburgus whose crew in late antiquity a river crossing on the Pannonian Danube limes secured. The facility was located on the east bank of the river, diagonally across from the Lussonium fort , on a peninsula already in the Barbaricum , today the municipality of Dunakömlőd , in the Hungarian county of Tolna .

location

The ancient topographical situation is very difficult to reconstruct on site today, as the course of the Danube has changed completely since then. Until the river was regulated in the 1840s, the river flowed past Dunakömlőd in a mighty arc extending to the north east of the town of Dunakömlőd, which was re-established in 1785 as "Kimling". This arch, the northernmost point of which was previously known as "Krümmung Imses" (curvature of Imsós), can still be recognized by oxbow lakes and forest fringes in the area. Today's course of the Danube has completely left out the headland once known as the "Imsós Peninsula". Coming from the northeast, since the 19th century the river has been flowing directly west instead of northwest to the "Imses bend" and then bends to the southwest. The remains of the Burgus Dunakömlőd in the Danube were discovered near this bend to which the northern end of the town of Paks extends. Once the river in this area did not come from the east, but from the north, from the "curvature of Imses". And accordingly, the Ländeburgus was not on the north bank of the river as it is today, but on its east bank on the "Imsós peninsula". To the north-west of the Burgus, on the other side of the bank at that time, the Lussonium fort may have stood on a high loess mountain since the end of the 1st century AD . Both military sites, which are around 1.2 kilometers apart, also had visual contact with one another.

The choice of the building site for the Ländeburgus was not a coincidence, but was well considered, since a frequently used Danube crossing had existed in this area since prehistoric times, the so-called "crossing Imsós". In later Hungarian history, large army units crossed the river here several times. Particularly famous in this context was the translation of the revolutionary troops of the Hungarian national hero Ferenc Rákóczis in 1705/1706 under the leadership of General János Bottyán. After his troops had safely reached the west bank, they holed up on the area of ​​the former Lussonium fort. From then on, the place was named “Bottyán vár” (Bottyán Castle) on the maps, today “Bottyán-Sánc” (Bottyán Wall).

Surname

The reconstructed name Contra Lussonium , which was widely accepted in the past, cannot be proven by the ancient sources. The Limes expert Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) considered this name reconstruction to be less likely. Overall, the discussion about various preserved or reconstructed ancient names along the Hungarian Danube Limes is not yet over.

Research and construction history

Like the Burgus Bölcske located a little further to the north, the complex is now completely flooded by the Danube. Sigmund Szelle, a hobby archaeologist, examined the building remains at low water in 1879, which at that time were already "14 m below 0". Szelle assumed that the cause of this low location was to be found in a subsidence of the ground and a displacement caused by the forces of the flow. Szelle stated in his investigation report published under the title Die Römerschanze in der Donau near Paks that the building remains were 100 × 55 meters in size. With these dimensions, the fortification corresponds roughly to the dimensions of the other late antique Ländeburgi known from the Hungarian Danube Limes, such as the Burgus contra Florentiam (59 × approx. 85 meters) a little further south . In addition to other factors, this allows clear conclusions to be drawn about its construction in the 4th century. Until the 1920s, the walls of the Ländeburgus could be observed when the water level was low.

Finds

Towards the end of the 19th century, brick stamps were repeatedly found by fishermen and boatmen in the Burgus area , including those from the OF ARN group. In addition to these brick stamps, spoils from older built-in inscription stones came to light. The inscriptions on the stamps are listed below.

  • OF AR MAXENTI AR (5 pieces),
  • CO MAXIMIN (1 piece),
  • [F] L SENECIO… (2 pieces) and
  • AP LVPO ORD (1 piece).

There was also a Valentine stamp of the Legio X Gemina (10th Legion, the twins ) barracked in Vindobona ( Vienna ):

  • [LEG XG MAG S] ATVRNINVS (1 piece)

The OF ARN group's stamps can be dated to the time of the rule of Emperors Constantius II (337–361) and Valentinian I (364–375). Since the stamp abbreviations AR , ARN and ARAN cannot be clearly explained for the time being, the previous translation suggestions remain speculative. Officinae auxiliares ripenses would be possible . According to the archaeologist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012), the bricks of the aforementioned Maxentius can be assigned to the period between 351 and 354 AD. Other research results, which analyzed the brick stamps of Maxentius in the provinces of Pannonia I and Valeria as well as in neighboring Barbaricum , place the appearance of these stamps either at the end of the 50s of the 4th century or in the last years of the rule of Valentinian I.

Bricks of Fl (avius) Senecio are not known from other fortresses. The archaeologist Jenő Fitz assumed that stamps of the type LEG XG MAG SATVRNINVS could have come from the private brickwork of a Saturninus, but this assumption is now considered outdated.

The stamp of Centurion Lupus (not LVP (pian) O , as often mentioned in older literature), which can probably be read as AP (parante) LVPO ORD (inario) , is also associated with the stamp of Frigeridus dux, which has not yet been found on Burgus Dunakömlőd what makes a temporal assignment possible. Frigeridus was most likely in command of the Pannonian province of Valeria ( Dux Valeriae ripensis ) between 371 and 373/374 , to which the area around Dunakömlőd also belonged.

The river finds from Paks are said to include an almost completely preserved, undecorated leg brace , which was in the famous private collection of Axel Guttmann in Berlin, accessible to scientists , before it was dissolved after the collector's death in 2001 and partly distributed worldwide via auction sales. The piece came from the 2nd / 3rd Century and thus does not belong to the complex of the late antique Burgus Dunakömlőd.

Limes course from Burgus Dunakömlőd to Fort Tolna

The southern section of the Pannonian Limes in Hungary was largely neglected by research until the end of the 20th century, so that a number of analyzes can still be traced back to the findings of the excavators of the 19th century.

Traces of the Limes structures between the northern edge of the city of Paks and Tolna.
route Name / place Description / condition
7th Burgus Dunakömlőd (Burgus Lussonium 1) Road 6 largely follows the course of the ancient Limes road to Fort Tolna. Only in the last few kilometers before Tolna does the Roman route deviate significantly from the modern road.
7th Paks
View of the northeast end of Paks town. The Danube once flowed behind the mountain spur at the top left. The “Imsós crossing” with the Ländeburgus on what was once the other bank was a little further north than the modern ship landing stage.
Until the Danube was regulated in the 1840s, the main road from Dunakömlőd to Paks followed the, in parts, still unknown ancient route through the loess hill landscape. It was only before the northern end of the town of Paks that the road came up against the bank of the Danube. The structure of this important ancient traffic artery was examined by means of search cuts: A thick layer of stones and broken bricks served as the foundation, on which a ballast at least 10 to 15 centimeters thick was applied. As the northern road sections showed, the southern military posts along the road must have had visual contact with each other in order to be able to give signals in the event of an alarm. Unfortunately, only a few of these stations are known. Apparently there was also a Roman settlement in Paks. A large number of stone monuments were found on the northern edge of the city, approximately at the level of Dunakömlőd Castle. In the city itself, some graves, including a burial in a sarcophagus, came to light. As with the large Mithras tablet, discovered under unclear circumstances on the Danube in the 1820s, which shows Mithras , the bull to be sacrificed, a dog and a scorpion, the exact circumstances of the find can often no longer be determined. The timing of a rectangular hill in the southern part of the city could not be clarified either. The course of the Limes Road south of Paks is also only partially known.
7th Paks nuclear power plant (Burgus Lussonium 2) On the basis of an aerial photograph taken in 1953, the archaeologist Zsolt Visy assumed in the past that he had discovered a watchtower on the west side of Landstrasse 6. The location would have been three kilometers south of Paks. The picture showed a 40 meter wide U-shaped, trench-like structure. However, since it is not even certain that the ancient Limes road in this area coincides with the route of the country road, all considerations about seeing a road tower in the structure remain speculation. Objects found or other special features were also not observed during field inspections . The course of the Limes Road is only secured south of this point.
7th Paks, Püspök Hill (Burgus Lussonium 3) The archaeologically interesting Püspök (bishop's) hill near Paks-Csámpa was sacrificed for the expansion of highway 6 and cut into two parts. An important representative of early archeology in Hungary, the pastor Mór Wosinszky (1854–1907), reported on Roman buildings at this place in the 19th century . He collected Roman mortar remains, brick fragments, seven fragments of Tegulae and Roman pottery here. Locals told the researcher about walls that were deep in the earth. In 1951, when Landstraße 6 was expanded to the west, a Roman milestone came to light on its east side, but the inscription is no longer preserved. The archaeologist Eszter B. Vágó (1928–1970) assumed that the indication 79 milia passuum of Aquincum could have been there. The excavation at this place carried out in 1989 under the direction of Visy partially confirmed the findings of a watchtower. In addition to early Iron Age pits and a grave, only foundations were found of the Roman era building sought. The rising masonry was partially completely destroyed and largely fell victim to stone robbery. A few fragments of Roman pottery came to light around the site. Over the centuries, the hill was probably cut repeatedly for repair work on the country road and the Roman stone material was removed. This is also made clear by the fact that only the east side of the building facing away from the street was somewhat better preserved. The Limesstraße could be detected - in the area of ​​the watchtower - immediately to the east. Today there is nothing to be seen in the square.
7th Dunaszentgyörgy (Burgus Lussonium 12) To the north of Dunaszentgyörgy, road 6 cuts through a hill on which a Roman watchtower once stood. It is located on the southern bank of an oxbow lake of the Danube under agricultural land. His double moat can still be seen today both in the aerial photograph and on the ground, with the western moat area falling victim to road construction. The outer trench was around 55 × 55 meters.
7th Dunaszentgyörgy, Várdomb (Burgus Lussonium 4)
The Várdomb with the village school overlying the tower
The memory of a fortified complex in the western part of the village of Dunaszentgyörgy was probably never completely lost, as the site was known as Várdomb (castle hill) until the 20th century. The archaeologist Mór Wosinsky (1854–1907) found five fragments of Tegulae and one Imbrex fragment at this site . Based on the findings, he found it plausible to assume a small watchtower at this location. Today Wosinsky's information can no longer be verified, as the hill was gradually excavated after a major fire in the 1920s and again for a new development area in the 1950s. Ultimately, the village school took the place of the site. A large number of Roman stone monuments and several graves, including a stone sarcophagus , were also found south of Várdomb to the still existing Janissary Hill. These findings suggest a Roman settlement. Wosinszky was also able to identify building remains on the edge of the floodplain of the Danube itself, which in turn are associated with a watchtower or Burgus. Wosinszky reports that the gravel strip of the Limes road between Fadd and Szekszárd was still clearly visible in the terrain towards the end of the 19th century. In addition to this, however, there was a second route in ancient times that led directly to Tolna.
7th Dunaszentgyörgy, Janicsárdomb (Burgus Lussonium 5) In the Roman settlement in the southwestern part of Dunaszentgyörgy, which was already localized by Wosinsky's research, brick graves were found in addition to the above-mentioned findings. In the settlement area there is also the Janissary Hill on the hilltop of which Wosinsky discovered a Roman building. Archaeologist Márta Kelemen carried out a rescue excavation for a brick grave on this hill in 1966. A local resident stated that he had found two to three kilograms of stone about 300 meters southwest of the hill, which Visy was able to confirm by his own experience - not far from Landstrasse 6. In his opinion - despite the lack of clear evidence - a watchtower on Janissary Hill can be assumed due to the location. The course of the Limesstrasse itself cannot be clearly identified in this area either.
7th Dunaszentgyörgy - Déllő, Burgus Lussonium 6 The tower is located on a gently rising hill ridge directly above a flood plain belonging to an oxbow river of the Danube . Today the area is used for agriculture. To the east is the confluence of the road from Tengelic to Highway 6. Wosinsky already noted that he found road gravel, Roman ceramic shards and rubble in a larger area at this location. On the basis of aerial archaeological and geophysical data, a burgus or a small late Roman fort can be expected at this place. Coin finds from the 3rd and 4th centuries underline this period. The outer circumference of the trenches visible in aerial photographs is over 90 to 100 meters. During prospecting, Roman ceramics, rubble stones and fragments of roof tiles were discovered in this area. In the course of field inspections in the vineyards on the west side of the country road since 1989, traces of a Roman settlement from the 2nd to 4th centuries have become known.
7th Vetlepuszta (Burgus Lussonium 8) The tower site - one kilometer south of Vetlepuszta - is located east of the Limes Road on the edge of the elevated bank of an oxbow lake of the Danube, which forms a curve here. During a 1995 field study, only a small amount of rubble and a few tegulae were discovered. Almost nothing is known about the appearance of the plant.
7th Fadd, Bodzás-dűlő, Bolha út (Burgus Lussonium 9) Around 700 meters southwest of an arm of the Danube that reaches far to the west is a small hill on which a Roman watchtower stood in agricultural land. The place is to the north of Fadd and west of a pig farm. Its square ground plan - immediately west of the Limes Road - is only known from aerial photographs, but the double moat surrounding it can still be recognized in the south-west as a depression in the terrain. The outer trench was 65 meters long, the inner 45 meters. The remains are threatened by erosion and intensive agriculture. The finds recovered during field inspections consisted of a large number of coins that could be assigned to the second half of the 4th century. The total spectrum of coins ranged from the reign of Emperor Constantius II (337–361) to Valens (364–378). Ceramic and brick fragments were also recovered. The partially glazed ceramic is also typical of the 4th century.
7th Fadd To the west of the village of Fadd and to the east of Landstrasse 6, the Limesstrasse was observed in the midst of agricultural corridors.
7th Fadd, Cseri-dűlő, Haris (Burgus Lussonium 10) Just a little south of the point observed above, southwest of Fadd, the aerial archaeologist Otto Braasch discovered the remains of a late antique watchtower in an agricultural area in 1998. The place is southwest of Fadd on a dirt road. The tower is surrounded by a rectangular double moat with rounded corners. The outer trench was 56 × 48 meters, the inner one was around 23 meters wide. The aerial photographs suggest that the eastern outer moat of the tower coincides with the western road ditch of the Limestrasse. In addition, the outer moat may have been renovated once. So far, no traces of the actual road tower have been discovered in the aerial photo in the center of the facility. A wooden construction may have to be expected. The coins from this place date from the 4th century; a wooden tower could have stood inside the moat ring. In autumn 2009 the southern strip of the trench was also determined on the ground and brought into line with the aerial photographs.
8th Tolna In the east of the southern Hungarian city there was presumably the archaeologically unsecured Tolna Fort .

Lost property

Early finds such as brick stamps came to the Gödöllö Museum in the 19th century .

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The State Office for Cultural Heritage (Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Hivatal; KÖH) in Budapest is responsible. The Burgus Dunakeszi as well as all other Limes complexes belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. (= Az István Király Múzeum közleményei. Series A. Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976
  • Tibor Nagy : The Mithras relief from Paks. In: Acta antiqua Academiae scientiarum Hungaricae. 6 / 3–4, Budapest 1958, pp. 407-431.
  • Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 .
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Kastell Lussonium at 46 ° 39 '20.67 "  N , 18 ° 52' 55.4"  O .
  2. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 114 (drawing).
  3. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 95.
  4. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 112-113.
  5. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 162.
  6. ↑ See e.g. B. Péter Kovács : Discussio. (To: Ágnes Szabó, Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds. ) In: Acta Archaeologica. 55, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2004, p. 382.
  7. ^ A b Historical Society of Berlin (ed.): Annual reports of historical science . Volume 17, Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1896, p. 741.
  8. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 114.
  9. ↑ Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 125.
  10. ↑ a b c Barnabás Lőrincz : A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.
  11. ↑ a b Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-3 , p. 80.
  12. ↑ Translation: “Administration of the Border Troops” According to Titus Kolník: Cifer-Pác - a late Roman station in the Quadenland? In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): Limes. Files of the XI. International Limes Congress (Székesfehérvár, 30.8–6.9.1976). Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest 1977, ISBN 963-05-1301-3 , p. 187.
  13. ↑ ZB: Edit Thomas: Roman villas in Pannonia. Contributions to the Pannonian settlement history. Publishing house of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest 1964, p. 226.
  14. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, footnote 12.
  15. ↑ Zsolt Mráv : Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of ​​the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2003, p. 101.
  16. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum, IN PARTIBUS OCCIDENTIS, XXXIII.
  17. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann : Riders like statues from ore. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1821-9 , p. 98.
  18. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  19. ^ German Academy of Sciences in Berlin: Bibliotheca classica orientalis. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1961, p. 226.
  20. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 114-115.
  21. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 2 at about 46 ° 35 '0.13 "  N , 18 ° 50' 18.97"  O .
  22. ^ Zsolt Visy: A ripa Pannonica Magyarországon. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2000, ISBN 963-05-7691-0 , pp. 96-97.
  23. ↑ Limesstraße at 46 ° 33 '51.05 "  N , 18 ° 49' 39.5"  O .
  24. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 3 at 46 ° 33 '17.24 "  N , 18 ° 49' 12.04"  E ; Source: Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 1 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 16.
  25. ^ András Graf: Overview of the ancient geography of Pannonia. Dissertationes Pannonicae I 5, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 1936, p. 108.
  26. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 116.
  27. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 166 .; No. 149
  28. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 97.
  29. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 116.
  30. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 12 at 46 ° 32 '41.5 "  N , 18 ° 48' 53.1"  E ; Source: Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 1 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 16.
  31. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 4 at 46 ° 31 '44.57 "  N , 18 ° 48' 50.89"  O .
  32. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 116.
  33. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 5 at about 46 ° 31 '25.85 "  N , 18 ° 48' 41.07"  O .
  34. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: A ripa Pannonica Magyarországon. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2000, ISBN 963-05-7691-0 , p. 90.
  35. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 6 at 46 ° 30 '26.35 "  N , 18 ° 47' 34.22"  E ; Source: Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 1 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 16.
  36. ^ Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 66.
  37. ↑ Zsolt Visy, Máté Szabó, Róbert Lóki, Annamária Priskin: Scientific Report of the University of Pécs (PP6) for the period between October 1, 2008 and March 31, 2010. Published research report by the University of Péc.
  38. ↑ Limesstraße at 46 ° 29 '32.28 "  N , 18 ° 47' 39.44"  O .
  39. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 97.
  40. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: A ripa Pannonica Magyarországon. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2000, ISBN 963-05-7691-0 , p. 91.
  41. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 9 at 46 ° 29 '26.92 "  N , 18 ° 47' 37.07"  E ; Limesstraße at 46 ° 29 '32.28 "  N , 18 ° 47' 39.44"  O . Source: Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 62.
  42. ↑ Limesstrasse at 46 ° 27 '58.5 "  N , 18 ° 48' 4.54"  E ; Source: Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 57.
  43. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 10 at 46 ° 27 '52.06 "  N , 18 ° 48' 4.14"  E ; Source: Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 1 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 15.
  44. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2. National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 57.
  45. ^ József Hampel : Find reports from Austria-Hungary. In: Archaeological-epigraphic communications from Austria-Hungary I / 1877. Verlag Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1877, p. 76.
  46. ↑ See: Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Hivatal ( Memento of the original of February 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.koh.hu