Tolna Castle

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Tolna Castle
Alternative name Alta Ripa  ?
limes Pannonian Limes
section 8th
Dating (occupancy) 1st century AD
to the end of the 4th / beginning of the 5th century
Type Equestrian fort
unit a) Ala Siliana civium Romanorum  ?
b) Ala I Brittonum civium Romanorum
c) Cohors quingenaria Maurorum equitata
d) Equites Dalmatae
e) Cuneus equitum Stablesianorum
size unknown
Construction stone
State of preservation speculative, archaeologically not proven fort site
place Tolna
Template: Infobox Limeskastell / Maintenance / Untraceable
Previous Fort Lussonium (northeast)
Burgus Dunakömlőd (northeast)
Subsequently Szekszárd Castle (Alisca?) (Southwest)
Alisca Castle (south)
The location of the presumed fort on the Lower Pannonian Danube Limes.

The Tolna Fort , which was also known under the ancient name Alta Ripa , was a presumed Roman military camp , whose exact location has not been archaeologically secured , which is said to have secured a section of the Pannonian Danube Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) as a riding fort . The former location of this plant is assumed to be in Tolna , a southern Hungarian city ​​in the county of the same name .

location

Tolna is on a very low-lying strip of shore. In this area, the Danube has changed its course several times over the past centuries. The Limesstrasse bypassed this place, but a junction led to the ancient settlement.

Surname

The connection between Tolna and the Alta Ripa , which is known from ancient writings , was established very early, as the Latin name already indicates a deep bank. As a parallel, the Alta Ripa of the same name (today Altrip ) on the left bank of the Rhine south of Ludwigshafen am Rhein was mentioned . However, due to the relatively sparse finds from Tolna, a connection to the Pannonian Alta Ripa cannot be proven beyond doubt.

Research history

In the Viennese edition of his Imago antiquae et novae Hungarie , which appeared in 1754, the then deceased Hungarian Jesuit and scholar Samuel Timon (1675–1736) documented a folk tale from Tolna, according to which a temple once stood in the Danube. Timon saw it as a reference to the Roman past of the place, but still believed that he could identify Tolna with Lussonium. Today this fort place is equated with Dunakömlőd, a little further north . In addition, the statistician and geographer Elek Fényes (1807–1876) mentioned numerous remains of buildings that could be seen in the Danube bed at low tide, which the archaeologist Mór Wosinsky (1854–1907) was able to confirm on the basis of his childhood memories for the northeastern edge of the village at that time.

Today this information can no longer be verified. Small finds and stone monuments are known from the area around Tolna, but it must be assumed that the ancient buildings, especially the fort - if they existed - have been completely washed away by the Danube over the centuries.

Troop

A consecration altar for Hercules Augusti from the Tolna area indicates the presence of the Roman army. This stone, created in the 1st century, was found between Tolna and nearby Mözs. He names the Decurio Marcus Domitius Secundinus, who led a squadron of the Ala Brittonum (British cavalry unit).

In 2001 the epigraphist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012) put together his troop line-up for Pannonia, which - in the case of Tolna - was corrected in 2004 by Barbara Pferdehirt , then director of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum in Mainz . In addition, the two late antique units have been included in the list below.

Time position Troop name comment
83–118 / 119 A.D. Ala Siliana to torquata to armillata civium Romanorum The Silian cavalry unit of Roman citizens was under Emperor Nero (54-68) in the province of Africa proconsularis, took part in the civil war in Italy and then came to the Lower Rhine around 70/71, where the troops were in Worringen (Burungum ) Did service. Then she replaced the Ala Indiana Gallorum from Britain . The Ala Siliana was moved to Pannonia. Here she mentions a military diploma for September 3, 84. Later the troops - without leaving their army formation - were deployed in the Dacian Wars of Emperor Trajan (98–117) and stationed in Gela, Dacia. The awards up to torquata and up to armillata most likely received the unit during these Dacer Wars.
118 / 119–123 A.D. Ala I Brittonum civium Romanorum The 1st cavalry unit of the British Roman civil rights , presumed by Barnabás Lőrincz until 180 in Tolna, can only have been at this location until 123 after a military diploma newly discovered in 2004, as the troops were moved to the province of Dacia Porolissensis shortly after April 14, 123, where it is also occupied for August 10, 123.
from 180 AD Cohors quingenaria Maurorum equitata The partially mounted cohort of the Moors was set up in Upper Pannonia in 171 at the same time as the Cohors milliaria Maurorum equitata (partially mounted double cohort of the Moors) and moved to Lower Pannonia after the Marcomanni and Sarmatian Wars. In Györköny, around 25 kilometers northwest of Tolna, the grave stele of a veteran of the Cohors quingenaria Maurorum equitata from around 200 was found.
4th century Equites Dalmatae According to the late antique state manual Notitia Dignitatum , the Dalmatian riders were stationed in Alta Ripa in the 4th century .
4th century Cuneus equitum Stablesianorum According to Notitia Dignitatum, this cavalry unit replaced the Dalmatians and then came to the Garrison Conradeuha, which is still unknown today .

Lost property

Most of the finds can be seen today in Szekszárd in the Wosinsky Mór Múzeum.

Limes course between Fort Tolna and Fort Szekszárd

Traces of the military structures along the Limes Road and the Danube.

route Name / place Description / condition
8th Mözs The Limes Road ran south of Tolna in a south-westerly direction. At Mözs a milestone was discovered in the 19th century that indicated a distance of XCVII milia passuum from Aquincum . During an archaeological aerial photo flight, a watchtower that had not been explored in detail was located near Mözs train station.
8th Mözs, Turkish inn (Burgus Alta Ripa 1) During his investigation of the Limes Road, the archeology pioneer Mór Wosinsky (1854–1907) came across the foundations of a Roman building on a small hill on the east side of the road leading from the south to Mözs. The inhabitants of Mözs, then predominantly inhabited by Germans, called the place a Turkish inn . Wosinsky does not mention anything about finds at this location. In 1987 the site was found again with the help of an aerial photo, whereby the actual Burgus was represented as a rectangular, around 20 × 20 meter, dark-colored area. The place had already been examined several times by the archaeologist Gyula Mészáros during the first half of the 1960s. Linear graves came to light. According to the excavation report, a gray, rectangular area covered by a thick layer of ash was also examined. In addition, a possibly Bronze Age container with a ring handle came to light there. The archaeologist Zsolt Visy, who carried out several field inspections after 1987, was unable to find any regular discoloration or Roman finds on the ground. Instead, he found a large number of prehistoric ceramic remains. Despite these negative findings on site, the aerial photographs show a late Roman use of the hill. The square is located southwest of the road leading out of Mözs, even before it crosses under the M6 ​​motorway, on agricultural land. The late Roman Burgus built on the top of the hill had a rectangular double moat, the outer circumference of around 80 × 80 meters, the inner one of around 40 × 45 meters. During the construction of the M6 ​​motorway, a pit for sand extraction was opened near the site, but the Burgus was not damaged in the process.
8th Mözsi-dűlő, Burgus Alta Ripa 2 The next late antique Burgus is to the northwest of the end of the M9 motorway, which is also passed by Landstraße 6. Its remains could also be seen in a field. Using a satellite image, the archaeologists identified a diamond-shaped ditch that surrounded the structure. During a subsequent field inspection, a Constantinian bronze coin from the 4th century AD was found on the site. Based on the locations of Burgi Alta Ripa 1 and 2, it can be shown that the modern routes of the road coming from Mözs and regional road 6 basically follow the ancient Limes road, which here led directly to Szekszárd in an arc running from northeast to southwest . The Department of Archeology at Loránd Eötvös University carried out 2 geophysical surveys and excavations at Burgus Alta Ripa , which confirmed that it was dated to the 4th century.
8th Szekszárd The Szekszárd castle is only suspected. Archaeological evidence is still not available today.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Roman sites from Tolna and the surrounding area, as archaeological sites according to § 3.1, belong to the nationally valuable cultural property. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. (= Az István Király Múzeum közleményei. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976
  • Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 116.
  2. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 117.
  3. ↑ CIL 3, 3305 .
  4. ↑ D. Isac: The Ala Siliana c. R. Torquata et Armillata in Dacia. In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Volume 35, 1983, p. 192.
  5. ↑ CIL 16, 30 .
  6. ^ Karl Strobel: Investigations into the Dacer Wars Trajan. Verlag Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1984. ISBN 3-7749-2021-4 . P. 83.
  7. ↑ Barbara Pferdehirt : The role of the military for social advancement in the Roman Empire. Habelt, Bonn 2002. ISBN 3-88467-069-7 , p. 23.
  8. ↑ Barbara Pferdehirt: Roman military diplomas and dismissal certificates in the collection of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum. Volume 1, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-88467-086-7 , p. 68.
  9. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time . Part I: The Inscriptions . Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 39.
  10. ↑ Alice Sz. Burger , Ferenc Fülep : Area between the Drau and the Limes route Lussonium-Altinum. In: The Roman Inscriptions of Hungary (RIU). Vol. 4. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1984, ISBN 963-05-3254-9 , p. 14.
  11. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ. XXXIII 27.
  12. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003).
  13. ↑ Burgus Alta Ripa 1 at 46 ° 24 '32.08 "  N , 18 ° 44' 31.74"  O ; Source: Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 1 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 10.
  14. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 9630579804 , p. 89.
  15. ↑ Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 54.
  16. ↑ Burgus Alta Ripa 2 at 46 ° 23 '31.99 "  N , 18 ° 42' 33.95"  O ; Source: Zsolt Máté (ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 1 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 10.
  17. ↑ a b Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 51.
  18. ↑ Zsolt Visy, Máté Szabó, Róbert Loki, Annamária Priskin: Scientific Report of University of Pécs (PP6) for the period between October 1, 2008 and March 31, 2010 . Published research report by the University of Péc.