Bush wren

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Bush wren
BewicksWren-13JAN2017.jpg

Bush wren ( Thryomanes bewickii )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Thryomanes
Type : Bush wren
Scientific name of the  genus
Thryomanes
Sclater, PL , 1862
Scientific name of the  species
Thryomanes bewickii
( Audubon , 1827)

The bush wren ( Thryomanes bewickii ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae) located in Canada , the United States and Mexico is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The bush wren reaches a body length of about 12.0 to 13.5 cm with a weight of about 7.8 to 11.8 g. He has grayish reins , a conspicuous white stripe behind the eyes, and gray and gray-brown spotted ear covers. The top of the head and the top are beautifully dark brown, which turns red-brown at the rump . The feathers on the back have hidden white spots. The hand and arm wings are medium brown, with blackish brown stripes on the outer flags. The central control springs are gray-brown with tight, clearly defined black bands, the outer control springs are blackish with elongated gray-white tips. The chin and throat are dirty white, the chest grayish white, the belly yellowish-brown and white and the rear flanks matt brown. The bill is blackish brown, with a lighter base on the lower bill. The legs are dark brown. Both sexes are similar. Young animals are generally a little paler, the feathers on the underside often lined with dark.

Behavior and nutrition

The bush wren feeds mainly on invertebrates. When the stomach contents were examined in the southwestern United States, they consisted of 31% peckers , 21% beetles , 17% bees and wasps . 12% caterpillars , butterflies and moths . The rest were other different arthropods . He also eats some vegetarian foods, especially in winter. He looks for his food in the strata from the ground to the deeper vegetation.

Vocalizations

The song of the male bush wren consists of ten to twenty songs. The number varies depending on the area of ​​distribution. The song consists of two to four phrases, buzzers or repeated tones. He sings a song several times before changing the song. Young males leave the place of their birth and only learn the songs in the area in which they breed. The female does not sing. The sounds contain plit tones as a warning call and scolding hum.

Reproduction

US bush wren egg egg data exist from early March in Texas to late April in the east. In the southern areas there are several broods per year, in the northwest often only one brood. The Mexican subspecies have so far been little researched. According to the study, only 15% of males are polygamous , this is less the case for females. The nest is usually an open calyx, less often arched, and consists of grass, roots or the like. This is lined with finer material, often contains snakeskin, and is usually built into holes such as nest boxes, woodpecker holes, or natural or artificial cracks. These can be crevices in the rock, shelves in external buildings, empty spaces in decommissioned vehicles, etc. It lays three to eight eggs, which vary in proportion of brown with purple or purple spots. The incubation is carried out exclusively by the female and takes 14 to 16 days. The nestlings are usually fed by both parents. Polygamous males are less likely to meet this obligation. The nestlings fledge after 14 to 16 days.

distribution and habitat

The bush wren prefers different habitats. He likes bushy areas, shrubbery forest, urban areas with good vegetation or fallow cultivation areas that are recovering. In the western United States it lives in creosote bushes , but also pine and juniper forests , areas with prosopis or poplars . Its habitat also varies greatly in Mexico, ranging from cactus scrub to city parks with large trees.

migration

The bush wren is a resident bird in most areas , with some migratory movements after breeding in the northern part of the range. The eastern population moves to the southern states in winter.

Subspecies

Fifteen subspecies are known, two of which are considered extinct:

  • Thryomanes bewickii calophonus Oberholser , 1898 occurs in southwestern Canada and the northwestern United States. The subspecies is even more splendid brown on top. The flanks are also brown and the beak is longer.
  • Thryomanes bewickii drymoecus Oberholser , 1898 is widespread in the western United States. This subspecies is larger, more dull and lighter than the nominate form .
  • Thryomanes bewickii marinensis Grinnell , 1910 is distributed along the coast of northwest California . This subspecies is similar to T. b. calophonus has a thinner beak, shorter wings and a shorter tail.
  • Thryomanes bewickii spilurus ( Vigors , 1839) occurs in the coastal areas of central California. This subspecies is more brown, less reddish, and has a strong brown tint on the flanks.
  • † San Clemente bush wren Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys ( Anthony , 1895) occurred on San Clemente Island and is now considered extinct.
  • Thryomanes bewickii charienturus Oberholser , 1898 is widespread in southern California and northwestern Baja California . This subspecies is darker and grayer on top.
  • Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis ( Anthony , 1897) occurs in western central Baja California. This subspecies is lighter and grayer than T. b. charienturus with a shorter beak.
  • Thryomanes bewickii magdalenensis Huey , 1942 is widespread in southwest Baja California. This subspecies is similar to T. b. cerroensis has small and lighter gray tones.
  • † Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda Ridgway , 1876 was widespread on Guadalupe and is now considered extinct.
  • Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus Oberholser , 1898 occurs in the interior of the southwest of the USA to central Mexico. This subspecies is grayer on the top and white on the underside. The beak is relatively large.
  • Thryomanes bewickii cryptus Oberholser , 1898 occurs in western Kansas , western Oklahoma through central and eastern Texas to northeast Mexico. This subspecies differs from T. b. eremophilus for its smaller size and dark brown top.
  • Thryomanes bewickii pulichi ( Phillips, AR , 1986) is common in eastern Kansas and Oklahoma. This subspecies is less reddish brown in color on the upper side.
  • Thryomanes bewickii sadai ( Phillips, AR , 1986) occurs in southern Texas to central Tamaulipas . This subspecies is generally smaller and more matt, with a slightly reddish tint on the flanks.
  • Thryomanes bewickii mexicanus ( Deppe , 1830) is widespread in central and southern Mexico. This subspecies has a dark skull, dingy white on the underside and strong stripes on the under tail-coverts.
  • Thryomanes bewickii bewickii ( Audubon , 1827) occurs in the central and eastern central areas of the United States.

Thryomanes bewickii atrestus Oberholser , 1932 is now a synonym for T. b. drymoecus , Thryothorus murinus ( Hartlaub , 1852) as a synonym for T. b. mexicanus and Thryomanes bewickii altus Aldrich , 1944 as a synonym for T. b. bewickii considered.

Etymology and history of research

As the first description of the bush wren, John James Audubon published a tablet with the scientific name Troglodytes bewickii . It was not until 1831 that he added a text to the board. Here he described that he had shot the type specimen on October 19, 1821 near St. Francisville . In 1862 Philip Lutley Sclater introduced the genus Thryomanes a . a. for the bush wren one. The species name »bewickii« was dedicated to Thomas Bewick (1753–1828). “Calophonus” is derived from “kalos καλός ” for “beautiful, pretty” and “phōnē, phōneō φωνη, φωνεω ” for “voice, speak”. "Drymoecus" is a Greek word formation from "drymos δρυμος " for "thicket, bush" and "oikos, oikeō φωνη, φωνεω " for "residents, inhabit" ab, "spilurus" from "spilos σπιλος " for "spot" and "- ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα "for" -tail, tail "," leucophrys "from" leukos λευκος "for" white "and" ophrys, oura οφρυς "for" eyebrow "," charienturus "from" charieis, charientos χαριεις χαριεντος "for" beautiful "and" ophrys, oura οφρυς "for" eyebrow "," eremophilus "from" erēmos ερημος "for" desert "and" -philos, phileō -φιλος, φιλεω "for" -loving, love "," cryptus κρυπτος «for» hidden, unclear «and» atrestus ατρεστος «for» fearless, fearless «,» murinus «from» mus, muris «for» mouse «and refers to the color» mouse gray «and» altus «to» high , shrill «. »Mexicanus« refers to the country Mexico, which in turn may have its origin in the Aztec »Mexihtli«, »marinensis« to Marin County , »cerroensis« to Isla de Cedros and »magdalenensis« to the Llanos of the Bahía Magdalena . “Pulichi” honors Warren Mark Pulich (1919–2010), “sadai”  Andrés Marcelo Sada Zambrano (1930–2018).

literature

  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, David Brewer in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • John Warren Aldrich: Geographic variation of Bewick Wrens in the Eastern United States. In: Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the Louisiana State University . No. 18 , December 30, 1944, pp. 305–309 ( sites01.lsu.edu [PDF; 220 kB ]).
  • Alfred Webster Anthony: A New Species of Thryothorus from the Pacific Coast . In: The Auk . tape 12 , no. 1 , 1895, p. 51–52 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 80 kB ]).
  • Alfred Webster Anthony: New Birds from the Islands and Peninsula of Lower California . In: The Auk . tape 14 , no. 2 , 1897, p. 164–168 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 199 kB ]).
  • John James Audubon: The Birds of America . Robert Havell, London 1827 ( digitalcommonwealth.org - 1827-1838).
  • John James Audubon: Ornithological biography, or an account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners . Adam Black, Edinburgh 1831 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1831-1839).
  • Wilhelm Deppe: List of prices for mammals, birds, amphibians, fish and crabs, which were collected by Messrs. Deppe and Schiede in Mexico, and from the authorized representative in Berlin against cash payment in Preuss. Courant to be obtained . Private print by Ferdinand Deppe, Berlin 1830.
  • Joseph Grinnell: Two heretofore unnamed wrens of the genus Thyryomanes . In: University of California publications in zoology . tape 5 , no. 8 , February 21, 1910, p. 307-309 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Gustav Hartlaub: Description de quelques nouvelles espèces d'Oiseaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée (=  2 ). tape 4 , 1852, p. 3-7 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Laurence Markham Huey: Two new wrens and a new jay from Lower California, Mexico . In: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History . tape 9 , no. 35 , October 1, 1942, p. 427-434 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Harry Church Oberholser : A revision of the wrens of the genus Thryomanes Sclater . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 21 , no. 1153 , November 19, 1898, p. 421-450 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Harry Church Oberholser: Descriptions of new birds from Oregon, chiefly from the Warner Valley region . In: Scientific publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History . tape 4 , no. 1 , September 19, 1932, p. 1-12 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Allan Robert Phillips: The known birds of North and Middle America. Distributions and Variation, Migrations, Changes, Hybrids, etc. 1 (Hirundinidae to Mimidae; Certhiidae). Roberts Rinehart Publisher, Denver 1986, ISBN 0-9617402-0-5 .
  • Robert Ridgway: Ornithology of Guadeloupe Islands . In: Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories . tape 2 , no. 2 , 1876, p. 183–195 (English, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Catalog of a collection of American birds . N. Trubner and Co., London 1862 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Nicholas Aylward Vigors in John Richardson, Nicholas Aylward Vigors, George Tradescant Lay, Edward Turner Bennett, Richard Owen, John Edward Gray, William Buckland, George Brettingham Sowerby: The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; compiled from the collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers and naturalist of the expedition, during a voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Straits performed in His Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain FW Beechey, RN, FRS, & c. & c. in the years 1825, 26, 27 and 28 . HG Bohn, London 1839 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Bush wren ( Thryomanes bewickii )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ^ Harry Church Oberholser (1898), p. 422 u. 440.
  4. ^ Harry Church Oberholser (1898), p. 437.
  5. ↑ a b Joseph Grinnell (1910), p. 307.
  6. ↑ Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1839), p. 18, plate 4, figure 1.
  7. ^ Alfred Webster Anthony (1895), p. 52.
  8. ^ Harry Church Oberholser (1898), p. 435.
  9. ^ A b Alfred Webster Anthony (1897), p. 166.
  10. ↑ a b Laurence Markham Huey (1942), p. 430.
  11. ^ Robert Ridgway (1876), p. 186.
  12. ^ Harry Church Oberholser (1898), p. 427.
  13. ^ Harry Church Oberholser (1898), p. 422 u. 425.
  14. ↑ a b Allan Robert Phillips (1986), p. 151.
  15. ^ A b Allan Robert Phillips (1986), p. 153.
  16. ↑ a b Wilhelm Deppe (1830), p. 2.
  17. ^ A b John James Audubon (1827), plate 18.
  18. ^ Harry Church Oberholser (1932), p. 8.
  19. ↑ Gustav Hartlaub (1852), p. 4.
  20. ^ John Warren Aldrich (1944), p. 307.
  21. ↑ a b John James Audubon (1827), pp. 96-98.
  22. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater (1862), p. 22.
  23. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 86
  24. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 140
  25. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 362
  26. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 224
  27. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 99
  28. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 148
  29. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 124
  30. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 59
  31. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 262
  32. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 43

Remarks

  1. ↑ Next to the bush wren he ordered the white-bellied wren ( Uropsila leucogastra ( Gould , 1837)) and T. b. spilurus to the new genus.