Cales

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Coins from Cales

Cales (name forms Καλησία ; Calenum ; Cale ) was an ancient Italian city of the Oscar tribe of the Aurunker or Ausonen in Campania . 335 BC BC it was conquered by Rome. It was on a plateau on the Via Latina . Today it is replaced by the municipality of Calvi Risorta belonging to the Italian province of Caserta .

Silius Italicus traces the founding of Cales back to Kalais , the son of the wind god Boreas , after whom the city is said to be named. In historical times, Cales first appeared in 335 BC. BC in the sources when its inhabitants fought against the Romans together with the neighboring Sidicins . The consul Marcus Valerius Corvus was able to conquer the city, which brought him a triumph . To secure this conquest, 334 BC. A colony under Latin law of 2,500 citizens was established in Cales . Since then, Cales has been an important Roman base in Campania and the seat of the quaestor for southern Italy, even in the time of the Roman historian Tacitus . The Samnites moved in 296 BC. Devastating through the territory of Cales.

In the Second Punic War that Rome waged against Hannibal , Cales was an important Roman fortress in Campania. But it suffered so much from the war damage that it was in 209 BC. Chr. Declared unable to provide further financial services or to provide additional soldiers. In retaliation, the Romans later imposed higher contributions on the city. Some time before his consulate (184 BC) Publius Claudius Pulcher reinforced the Roman colony in Cales with additional settlers. Besides Teanum Sidicinum , Cales remained the most important city in the interior of Campania. After the alliance war , Cales was 90 BC. A municipality of the Publilia tribe, which remained so during the Roman Empire.

Black-glazed " Calenic ceramics ", which were exported to Etruria , were produced in Cales , as well as famous wine, the quality of which was based on the fertility of the surrounding area, which was directly adjacent to the famous Falernus ager wine-growing region . This is how the inhabitants of Cales achieved prosperity, which the geographer Strabo confirms. In the 5th century AD, the city was a bishopric.

Significant remains of the ancient city have been preserved, including an amphitheater , a theater, a temple and a necropolis from the 7th / 6th centuries. Century BC There are also many copper and silver coins with Latin legends from the time of Roman rule.

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ Stephanos of Byzantium , sv
  2. ↑ Pliny , Naturalis historia 3, 63.
  3. ↑ Silius Italicus 12, 525.
  4. ↑ Silius Italicus 8, 512 and 12, 525; on the founding legend of Cales see also Virgil , Aeneis 7, 728 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6, 32.
  5. ^ Livy 8:16 ; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, fragment from Book 15 in Stephanos of Byzantium, sv Καλησία ; Velleius Paterculus 1, 14, 3.
  6. ↑ Tacitus, Annals 4, 27.
  7. ^ Livy 10:20 .
  8. ↑ Livy 26, 14ff .; 27, 9; 29, 15.
  9. ↑ CIL 6, 31586 .
  10. ↑ Polybios 3, 91; Cicero , de lege agraria 2, 86 and 2, 96.
  11. ↑ Cato , De agricultura 135; Varro , Menippeae 114.
  12. ↑ Strabo 5, 4, 3, p. 243; Horaz , Carmina 1, 20, 9 and ö .; Pliny, Naturalis historia 14, 65.
  13. ^ Strabo 5, p. 237.

Web links

Commons : Cales  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 41 ° 12 '  N , 14 ° 8'  E