Calliphysalis carpenteri
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| ( Riddell ) Whitson |
Calliphysalis carpenteri (Riddell) Whitson (Syn. Physalis carpenteri Riddell ) is a plant type from the family of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). It is the only species in the genus Calliphysalis . Before the description of this genus in 2012, the species was included in the genus of the bladder cherries ( Physalis ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Calliphysalis carpenteri is an upright, perennial , herbaceous plant that is 0.75 to 1.5 meters high . It has a tap root standing vertically in the ground as a persistence organ. It usually grows with a single shoot, which lignifies in the lower part with age and branches strongly above, so that the plant spreads to a diameter of 90 centimeters under ideal conditions. Young plants can already bloom with a size of only 15 centimeters.
The hair on the stem , leaves and calyx is downy and consists of short (usually 0.5 to 1 millimeter long), sticky, sticky and unbranched trichomes with a unicellular glandular tip as well as isolated, smaller ones (less than 0.5 millimeters long), adjacent trichomes with multicellular tips.
The leaves are alternately paired on the stems. The leaf stalks are 1.5 to 5.5 (rarely up to 9.5) inches long. The leaf blades are not divided and ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptical in shape. Their length usually ranges from 7 to 10 (rarely up to 14) centimeters, the width from 3 to 6 (rarely up to 9.5) centimeters. The leaf margin is usually entire, especially in young plants, but can also be curved or serrated irregularly. If the leaves are serrated they usually have one to three, but sometimes up to five teeth per side. The base can be shaped differently and can be heart-shaped, rounded or cut off on the same plant. At least on some leaves the base is strongly asymmetrical, so that on one side the leaf runs down the petiole by 5 to 10 mm.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are in clusters of two to six. In many inflorescences at least one flower bud withers as long as it is smaller than 2 millimeters, but single-flowered inflorescences are rather rare, for example the first inflorescence of a plant can consist of only one flower, but soon afterwards the typical flower clusters develop. The flower stalks are 5 to 10 millimeters long, the flowers on them are nodding. They are fully developed, five-fold and radially symmetrical. The calyx is bell-shaped, 4 to 7 millimeters long and slightly covered with irregular calyx lobes. The crown is broadly bell-shaped, measuring 1 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. It is colored yellow, at the base there are five olive-green to mustard-yellow points, which also shine through to the outside.
The stamens start at the base of the crown. They elongate irregularly until all the anthers are open, so that they can appear unequal in length. At first only a pair of stamens grows until the anthers release pollen , then two more. Finally the last stamen grows, which is between the first two. The anthers are elongated and open via longitudinal slots. The shape of the pollen grains is indicated as subprolate and tricolpat, on the pollen surface there are pointed spines.
The ovary consists of two compartments, where many located ovules are. The stylus is 8 to 10 millimeters long and has a cephalic scar .
Fruits and seeds
On the fruit, the calyx enlarges to only about 1 centimeter in diameter and is almost spherical, at the base it is not indented. It first turns yellow and later brown. Since the calyx is less paper-like than with representatives of the bladder cherries ( Physalis ), it collapses around the ripe fruit. The fruit is a spherical, mustard-yellow berry . It contains dark brown, disc- to kidney-shaped seeds and irregularly spherical, pale straw-colored stone bodies ( idioblasts ).
Occurrence and locations
The distribution area of Calliphysalis carpenteri located in the southeastern United States . The species has been found in Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana and Mississippi , with the most common in Florida. In the treatise of the genus Physalis for the flora of the southeastern United States by Per Axel Rydberg from 1933, Arkansas is also mentioned as a distribution area, but without mentioning a herbarium.
The plants usually grow on damp to dry, disturbed soils in loose soil, as is often found near the burrows of the Georgia gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ). It is believed that the species serves as food for the turtle and that this contributes to the spread of the seeds. However, this relationship has not yet been proven.
Systematics
For a long time Calliphysalis carpenteri was the only species in the section Carpenterianae of the subgenus Rydbergis of the genus of the bladder cherries ( Physalis ), although it was regarded as an untypical species of the genus early on. Only Margaret Menzel recognized in 1951 that the species could probably trade close to other atypical species from the then recognized scope of the genus, which may not belong to the Physalis .
Molecular biological studies have confirmed that these “atypical physalis ” are not closely related to the rest of the members of the genus. In addition to Calliphysalis carpenteri , other species have also been removed from the genus Physalis based on these investigations and are now listed in the genera Tzeltalia , Leucophysalis , Quincula and Chamaesaracha . Calliphysalis is in any case a member of the Untertribus Physalineae, but not necessarily closely related to the genus Physalis .
Morphologically, Calliphysalis differs from the bladder cherries ( Physalis ) mainly in the following characteristics: Formation of a vertical taproot instead of a horizontal rhizome , cluster-shaped inflorescences instead of mostly single flowers, occurrence of idioblasts in the fruits and a round instead of angled calyx around the fruit, the overall is also smaller than with Physalis species.
Botanical history
The first description of Physalis carpenteri (the original name of the species) was first transmitted by John Leonard Riddell in 1851 in his manuscript on a Flora of Louisiana to the Smithsonian , which was to publish this flora according to Hope Riddell. The following year, a checklist of Louisiana plants written by Riddells was published in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. This contains the names of various plant species that should be published in Riddell's Flora, including Physalis carpenteri . Probably because the Smithsonian did not respond to the submission of his manuscript, Riddell published in the same journal in 1853 all the first descriptions that were actually intended for the flora (never published later). Because of the unusual journal for this topic, this publication went unnoticed by botanists for a long time.
The epithet carpenteri chosen by Riddell honors his colleague William Marbury Carpenter , who died in 1848 at the age of only 37. Carpenter is said to have left several unfinished works on his death, but these can no longer be found. A herbarium record of a plant collected by Carpenter, which can be assigned to the species Calliphysalis carpenteri and which is currently in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, is marked by Carpenter as Physalis fasciculata . It is believed that this was a working title Carpenter and Riddell later changed it to honor Carpenter.
The whereabouts of the type evidence of the species is unclear, among other things because the herbarium evidence from the Carpenter and Riddell collection were often resold. When describing the genus Calliphysalis and the publication of the new name of the species Calliphysalis caprenteri in 2012 by Mary Kathryn Whitson , this herbarium specimen, determined as Physalis fasciculata, was determined as the lectotype . This was possible because all type assignments in the past were invalid. The component Calli of the name of the new genus chosen by Whitson is derived from the Greek root word for "beautiful", so that the name means something like "beautiful physalis".
proof
Main source
- Maggie Whitson: Calliphysalis (Solanaceae): A New Genus from the Southeastern USA . In: Rhodora , Volume 114, Number 958, April 2012. pp. 133-147. doi : 10.3119 / 11-10
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Daniel B. Ward: Keys to the Flora of Florida: 19, Physalis (Solanaceae) . In: Phytologia , Volume 90, Number 2, August 2008. pp. 198-207.
- ^ Mahinda Martínez: Infrageneric Taxonomy of Physalis. In: M. Nee, DE Symon, RN Lester, JP Jessop (Eds.): Solanaceae IV. Advances in Biology and Utilization. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1999, ISBN 1-900347-90-3 , pp. 275-283.
- ↑ Maggie Whitson and Paul S. Manos: Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the Physaloids: A Two-Gene Phylogeny of the Physalinae . In: Systematic Botany , Volume 30, Number 1, 2005. pp. 216-230.
- ^ Richard G. Olmstead et al .: A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae . In: Taxon , Volume 57, Number 4, November 2008. pp. 1159-1181.