Arrow cress

Arrow cress
	Arrow cress ( Lepidium draba )
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family :	Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Genre :	Cress ( Lepidium )
Type :	Arrow cress
Scientific name
	Lepidium draba
	L.

The (common) arrow cress ( Lepidium draba , formerly: Cardaria draba ), also called heart cress or Turkish cress , is a species of cress ( Lepidium ) in the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

The arrow cress grows as a perennial , herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 30 to 60 cm. It has a taproot and an extensive, widely branched system of rhizomes that develop buds at the nodes, from which numerous herd-forming air shoots sprout. The stems are usually upright, strong, more or less dense at the base and gray-haired adjacent, glabrous above and branched in the inflorescence area.

The basal leaves are short stalked, 1.5 to 10 cm long and 1 to 4 cm wide, obovate, spatulate or ovate, lobed, irregularly toothed to entire and also more or less densely gray-haired. They are usually dried up during flowering. The alternate stem leaves are numerous, alternate, sessile, encompassing the stem with a heart-shaped or arrow-shaped base, 1 to 9 (to 15) cm long and 0.5 to 2 (to 5) cm wide and hairy or bald. They have a linear-elongated, lanceolate, egg-shaped or obovate shape .

Uppermost area of the inflorescence with relatively long-stalked four-fold flowers.

Pods

Generative characteristics

The umbrella- shaped inflorescence forms a more or less compact umbrella, flattened on the top. The hermaphrodite, four-fold flowers are fragrant. The four sepals are elongated, 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, glabrous and have a white edge. The four petals are white, 2 to 4 mm long, obovate and have a 1 to 1.7 mm long nail . The six stamens have four lateral and two central nectar glands . The stylus has mm a length from 0.8 to 1.6 and is maintained in the fruit.

The 2.5 to 3.5 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide fruits do not open when ripe. They are flattened, heart-shaped to almost kidney-shaped, blunt or pointed at the tip and without edge, wingless on the edge. The valves are thin, reticulate, smooth and bare. Each fruit compartment usually only contains one seed. The red-brown seeds are egg-shaped with a length of 1.5 to 2 mm.

Chromosome number

Lepidium draba is mostly octoploid with 2n = 64 (rarely 62) chromosomes , more rarely tetraploid with 2n = 32 chromosomes.

Arrow cress ( Lepidium draba )

ecology

The arrow cress is a perennial hemicryptophyte and root buds geophyte . She is a root creeper and a deep rooter.

Its flowers are inconspicuous, white, feminine "nectar-carrying disc flowers". The pollination is carried by flies ; but also self-pollination takes place in that the stamens curve towards the stigma before opening . Flowering time is from May to July.

The fruits are two-seeded pods that do not crack open when ripe, but rather disintegrate. They spread out as grain fliers through the wind. The strong spread along railway tracks is said to be due to the fact that the fruits are carried away by the drafts of trains. However, the seed set is usually very small. The seeds are light germs .

Vegetative reproduction occurs abundantly through root shoots. Therefore, the plants often stand together in large herds. Under favorable conditions, the stocks can grow by over 3 square meters per year. The vegetative spread is also strongly promoted by humans by carrying off pieces of shoot and root.

Occurrence

The Mediterranean area, southern Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia are regarded as the original home of the arrow cress. From there, the arrow cress is an invasive neophyte to Central and Western Europe as well as North America (Canada, USA, Mexico), South America (Argentina, Chile), South Asia (North India, Saudi Arabia), South Africa, Australia and New Zealand been abducted. The arrow cress was first detected in Germany in 1728 in Ulm by Johann Dietrich Leopold in his work Deliciae sylvestres florae Ulmensis , in England in 1802, in the USA in 1862, in New Zealand in 1904. In Central Europe, the spread accelerated around 1830 and was due to the construction of the railway network promoted.

The arrow cress grows on roadsides, on railway embankments, in docks and on rubble heaps, but also on loamy fields and in vineyards. It prefers a warm summer climate with little precipitation and soils rich in nutrients and bases, mostly poor in humus. In the plant-sociological system , in its Central European subarea, it is considered a character species of the Cardario-Agropyretum association in the Convolvulo-Agropyrion association (semi-rudimentary semi-arid grassland), but also occurs in societies of the Sisymbrion and Caucalidion associations and in those of the Onopordetalia order. In the Allgäu Alps, the arrow cress does not exceed an upper limit of 900 meters.

Systematics

The species name Lepidium draba was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The synonym Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. used. Molecular systematic investigations have confirmed, however, that the fruit characteristics used to separate the two genera are not of great systematic importance and that the Cardaria genus cannot be separated from Lepidium . Within the genus Lepidium there are close relationships to the species around the field cress ( Lepidium campestre ). Formerly also are most closely related Cardaria asked Lepidium chalepense L. and Lepidium appelianum Al-Shehbaz .

use

The seeds of the arrow cress taste hot because of the mustard oils and were previously used as a seasoning instead of pepper .

As a pioneer of root creeping and raw soil settlers, the arrow cress is occasionally sown to fortify newly created slope areas.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Lepidium. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , Lepidium draba , p. 570 (English, online ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ardath Francis, Suzanne I. Warwick: The biology of Canadian weeds. 3. Lepidium draba L., L. chalepense L., L. appelianum Al-Shehbaz (updated). In: Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 88, No. 2, 2008, pp. 379-401, DOI: 10.4141 / CJPS07100 , PDF file.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
^ GA Mulligan, C. Frankton: Taxonomy of the genus Cardaria with particular reference to the species introduced into North America. In: Canadian Journal of Botany. Volume 40, No. 11, 1962, pp. 1411-1425, DOI: 10.1139 / b62-136 .
^ Oskar Sebald: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In: O. Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 2nd ed., Volume 2, pages 310-312. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993. ISBN 3-8001-3323-7
^ G. Scurfield: Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (Lepidium draba L.) (= Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 84). In: Journal of Ecology . Volume 50, No. 2, 1962, pp. 489-499, JSTOR 2257459 .
↑ Gerald A. Mulligan, Judy N. Findlay: The Biology Of Canadian Weeds. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. In: Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 54, No. 1, 1974, pp. 149-160, DOI: 10.4141 / cjps74-024 , PDF file .
↑ CJ Webb, WR Sykes, PJ Garnock-Jones: Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. , 1988. ISBN 0-477-02529-3 (online) .
↑ ^a ^b Wolfram Schultze Motel (Ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd revised and expanded edition. Volume IV. Part 1: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (Berberidaceae - Resedaceae) . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-489-63920-0 (reprint of the 2nd edition from 1963 with supplements).
^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 622.
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 645, digitized .
^ IA Al-Shehbaz, K. Mummenhoff, O. Appel: Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia are united with Lepidium (Brassicaceae). In: Novon. Volume 12, No. 1, 2002, pp. 5-11, digitized .
↑ Gunter Steinbach (ed.), Bruno P. Kremer u. a .: wildflowers. Recognize & determine. Mosaik, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11456-4 , p. 70.

Web links

Commons : Arrow cress ( Cardaria draba ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Arrow cress. In: FloraWeb.de.
Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )

[FNA-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Lepidium. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , Lepidium draba , p. 570 (English, online ).

[Francis2008-2] Ardath Francis, Suzanne I. Warwick: The biology of Canadian weeds. 3. Lepidium draba L., L. chalepense L., L. appelianum Al-Shehbaz (updated). In: Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 88, No. 2, 2008, pp. 379-401, DOI: 10.4141 / CJPS07100 , PDF file.

[Düll2011-3] Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

[Mulligan1962-4] GA Mulligan, C. Frankton: Taxonomy of the genus Cardaria with particular reference to the species introduced into North America. In: Canadian Journal of Botany. Volume 40, No. 11, 1962, pp. 1411-1425, DOI: 10.1139 / b62-136 .

[5] Oskar Sebald: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In: O. Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 2nd ed., Volume 2, pages 310-312. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993. ISBN 3-8001-3323-7

[Scurfield1962-6] G. Scurfield: Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (Lepidium draba L.) (= Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 84). In: Journal of Ecology . Volume 50, No. 2, 1962, pp. 489-499, JSTOR 2257459 .

[Mulligan1974-7] Gerald A. Mulligan, Judy N. Findlay: The Biology Of Canadian Weeds. 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. In: Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 54, No. 1, 1974, pp. 149-160, DOI: 10.4141 / cjps74-024 , PDF file .

[FlNZ4-8] CJ Webb, WR Sykes, PJ Garnock-Jones: Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. , 1988. ISBN 0-477-02529-3 (online) .

[Hegi4-1-9] Wolfram Schultze Motel (Ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd revised and expanded edition. Volume IV. Part 1: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (Berberidaceae - Resedaceae) . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-489-63920-0 (reprint of the 2nd edition from 1963 with supplements).

[Oberdorfer8-10] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .

[Rothmaler4-10-11] Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .

[Dörr-Lippert-12] Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 622.

[SpPl-13] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 645, digitized .

[Al-Shehbaz-14] IA Al-Shehbaz, K. Mummenhoff, O. Appel: Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia are united with Lepidium (Brassicaceae). In: Novon. Volume 12, No. 1, 2002, pp. 5-11, digitized .

[Steinbachs_Naturführer-15] Gunter Steinbach (ed.), Bruno P. Kremer u. a .: wildflowers. Recognize & determine. Mosaik, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11456-4 , p. 70.