Chester M. Southam

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Chester Milton Southam ( October 4, 1919 - April 5, 2002 ) was an American virologist and oncologist .

Career

Southam studied medicine at Boise State University , where he received his Master of Science degree in 1943 . At Columbia University he received his doctorate in medicine (MD) in 1947 . From 1947 to 1948 he was an assistant doctor at the New York Presbyterian Hospital . He then went to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), where he began as a research fellow . Southam later became head of the virology and immunology department and attending physician at MSKCC. He held this position until 1971. At the same time, Southam was Associate Professor at Weill Cornell Medical College at Cornell University until 1971 . From 1971 to 1995 Southam was a professor of medicine and attending physician at Thomas Jefferson University . From 1971 to 1979 he also headed the oncology department at the University Hospital of Thomas Jefferson University. From 1973 to 1983 Southam was a fellow of the American College of Physicians . Southam was intermittently the president of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR). He has published over 100 articles in the field of oncology. Southam coined the term hormesis as early as 1941 in his undergraduate thesis . This was the first mention of the term in scientific literature.

Southam was first with the doctor Anna L. Skow, born in Cocolalla ( Idaho , married). Southam later married Gertrude. He had three children (Lawrence, Arthur and Lenore).

Ethics scandal

Southam hypothesized that viruses are responsible for some types of cancer , but that tumors only develop in organisms with a weakened immune system. To test this hypothesis, Southam implanted live cancer cells, primarily HeLa cells , under the skin in various groups of people . For example, in 1952, over 300 inmates at Ohio State Prison to monitor disease progression. He left the prisoners in the dark about the true nature of the cells ( "some cells" ). Half of the patients were African American . He continued these experiments with several cohorts for years. In 1963, for example, he repeated the experiments on 22 elderly African-American women at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital who were also not informed about the nature of the implants. This study was funded by the United States Public Health Service and the American Cancer Society. Two Jewish doctors protested the Board of Trustees of the hospital against the attempts and appealed it to the Nuremberg Code of 1947. A member of the Foundation took the case to the New York Times and informed the Licensing Authority of the State of New York ( New York State Board of Regents ) . In court, Southam later stated that he had no informed consent . If he had told the patients what he was going to give them, it would have frightened them. Southam's license to practice medicine was revoked for a year . The case had far-reaching consequences for all subsequent clinical trials, to ensure respect for the rights of subjects and obtaining the informed consent ( informed consent ). Despite the scandal, Southam was elected vice president of the American Association for Cancer Research in 1967 and president a year later.

Publications (selection)

  • CM Southam: History and prospects of immunotherapy of cancer: an introduction. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 277, 00 1976, ISSN  0077-8923 . PMID 793478 , pp. 1-6.
  • CM Southam, A. Brunschwig, AG Levin, QS Dizon: Effect of leukocytes on transplantability of human cancer. In: Cancer. Volume 19, Number 11, November 1966, ISSN  0008-543X . PMID 5925282 , pp. 1743-1753.
  • CM Southam: Immunologic tolerance to human cancer transplants in rats. In: Cancer Research . Volume 26, Number 12, December 1966, ISSN  0008-5472 . PMID 5333836 , pp. 2496-2502.
  • A. Brunschwig, CM Southam, AG Levin: Host resistance to cancer. Clinical experiments by homotransplants, autotransplants and admixture of autologous leucocytes. In: Annals of surger. Volume 162, Number 3, September 1965, ISSN  0003-4932 . PMID 5318670 . PMC 1476908 (free full text), pp. 416-425.
  • CM Southam: The complex etiology of cancer. In: Cancer Research . Volume 23, September 1963, ISSN  0008-5472 , pp. 1105-1115. PMID 14070364 . (Review).
  • CM Southam, A. Brunschwig: Quantitative Studies of Autotransplantation of Human Cancer: Preliminary Report. In: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 17, 1962, pp. 305-306.
  • CM Southam: Antibiotic activity of extract of western red cedar heartwood. In: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Volume 61, April 1946, ISSN  0037-9727 . PMID 20982507 , pp. 391-396.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Paid Notice: Deaths SOUTHAM, CHESTER MILTON. In: The New York Times. dated April 10, 2002.
  2. ↑ “HORMESIS”: The Origin of the Term. ( Memento of the original from July 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: International Dose-Response Society. Retrieved April 14, 2011.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dose-response.org
  3. ^ Alumni Association.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. University of Idaho, accessed April 14, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.uidaho.edu  
  4. ↑ 3 questions for ... Rebecca Skloot, author. In: Dtsch Arztebl. 107, 2010, A-2389.
  5. ↑ V. Ravitsky, A. Fiester, AL Caplan: The Penn Center guide to bioethics. Springer Publishing Company, 2009, ISBN 0-8261-1522-5 , p. 254. Limited preview in Google Book Search
  6. ^ R. Baker: Transcultural Medical Ethics and Human Rights. In: U. Tröhler, S. Reiter-Theil (Ed.): Ethics and Medicine, 1947-1997: what does the codification of ethics do? Wallstein Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-89244-272-X , p. 447. Limited preview in the Google book search
  7. ↑ a b B. H. Lerner: Sins of omission - cancer research without informed consent. In: The New England Journal of Medicine . Volume 351, Number 7, August 2004, ISSN  1533-4406 , doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp048108 , PMID 15306661 , pp. 628-630.
  8. ↑ J. Katz, AM Capron, ES Glass: Experimentation with Human Beings. Russell Sage Foundation, 1972, ISBN 0-87154-438-5 , pp. 63-65.
personal data
SURNAME Southam, Chester M.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Southam, Chester Milton (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American oncologist
DATE OF BIRTH October 4, 1919
DATE OF DEATH April 5, 2002