Chrysopeleiidae

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Chrysopeleiidae
Chrysopeleinae sp. (3206125812) .jpg

Chrysopeleiidae

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Superfamily : Gelechioidea
Family : Chrysopeleiidae
Scientific name
Chrysopeleiidae
Mosher , 1916

The Chrysopeleiidae are a family of butterflies (Lepidoptera).

features

The moths reach a wingspan of 6 to 18 millimeters. The head is covered with tightly fitting scales . The antennae are significantly shorter than the fore wings, the antennae base member ( Scapus ) has no bristle crest. The eyes are medium-sized, there are no ocelles . The labial palps are quite long and curved upwards. They have no tufts of scales in front. The third segment is usually similar to the second segment and is trimmed apically . The front wings are narrow and lanceolate, sometimes they are provided with small clusters of protruding scales. Two or three median arteries are laid out, M 1 is sometimes stalked with R4 + 5. The hind wings are lanceolate linear or linear. The vein M 1 is usually stalked with the vein R s . The middle pair of spurs of the tibiae of the hind legs is in front of the middle. The abdominal tergites do not have specialized lanceolate scales. The longitudinal sclerotization of the second tergite is very short or absent.

In the males, the uncus is finger-shaped and fused or reduced at the base with the very short ribbon-shaped tegumen . The gnathos is missing. The blades are symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical. They are equally or apically divided into two or three differently shaped lobes. The aedeagus is sclerotized , sometimes long, and fused with the vinculum and saccus at the base . Cornuti are not trained. Sometimes special additional structures appear, such as bubble-shaped appendages on the valves with large sclerotized spines or various outgrowths on the 8th segment.

In females, the ovipositor is moderately long. The ostium is often surrounded by typical grain-like structures or protrudes as a protruding genital plate ( sterigma ). The seminal duct merges with the bursal duct just in front of the rather broad and usually sclerotized antrum . The ductus bursae is more or less curved, has a rough surface or is provided with sclerotized longitudinal ligaments. The bursa copulatrix is round or oval and has paired pin-like or cap-shaped signs.

The caterpillars are quite short and thick. They are spindle-shaped and move slowly. They are colorless and turn brown before pupation. Secondary bristles are not applied.

The pupae have a fairly hard cuticle , the labial palps and femura of the forelegs are covered. The segments of the abdomen are immobile because the wing sheaths cover almost the entire side of the abdomen. There is no cremaster , there are only small curved hooks at the tip of the abdomen.

distribution

The family is particularly rich in species in Central Asia , South Asia, Africa and America . There are more than 50 species in the Palearctic . 16 species are native to Europe and are divided into six genera.

biology

The representatives of the family are mainly native to arid and semi-arid areas such as deserts , steppes and savannas . Only a few species are found in the forests of the temperate zone . The caterpillars live mainly on legumes (Fabaceae), tamarisk family (Tamaricaceae), knotweed family (Polygonaceae) and buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). They mine in seed pods, leaves and twigs; they rarely live in webs between leaves and flowers that are spun together. Some species produce plant galls. The moths are nocturnal and come to light . When at rest they press themselves tightly to the ground and when disturbed they begin to jump.

Systematics

The Chrysopeleiidae are a highly specialized family with very few plesiomorphic characters. Wide-winged wing shapes are completely absent. In the case of the male genital fittings, some apomorphies are worth mentioning. These include, for example, the reduced tegumen , the morphological integration of various parts such as the merging of the valve bases with the aedeagus and the modified eighth segment. Apomorphies are also present in the genital fittings of the females. The Chrysopeleiidae are similar in many ways to the most specialized species of the butterfly (Cosmopterigidae) and are often considered a subfamily of this family. However, a detailed analysis of morphological data has shown that most of the special properties developed independently of one another or were mistakenly regarded as homologous . For this reason, the Chrysopeleiidae are considered by some authors as a separate family. The considerable similarity with some representatives of the fringed moths (Momphidae) and the butterfly moths has in the past led to many species from tropical regions being assigned to these two families.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h J. C. Koster, S. Yu. Sinev: Momphidae, Batrachedridae, Stathmopodidae, Agonoxenidae, Cosmopterigidae, Chrysopeleiidae . In: P. Huemer, O. Karsholt, L. Lyneborg (eds.): Microlepidoptera of Europe . 1st edition. tape 5 . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2003, ISBN 87-88757-66-8 , pp. 169 (English).
  2. ↑ Chrysopeleiinae in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 19, 2012