Augusta Raurica

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The Roman colony Augusta Raurica ( Latin Colonia Augusta Rauricorum , 'City of Augustus in the Land of the Raurics ' ) is located approx. 10 km east of Basel (CH) on the south bank of the Rhine. It was officially made in 44 BC. Founded in BC and developed into the largest city in the region. About 10,000 people lived here around 200 AD. The civil settlement lasted until around 280 AD. After the settlement was briefly reduced to an 'enceinte réduite', the Castrum Rauracense was built in the northern urban area on the Rhine around 300 years ago and housed Roman troops for around 100 years . In the 7th century the city lost its importance to the new regional center of Basel. Today the ancient settlement area extends over the communities Augst (BL) and Kaiseraugst (AG). The Roman city has hardly been built over and is only gradually being explored through emergency excavations.

Location and topography

The location of the ancient city of Augusta Raurica in what is now north-western Switzerland.
The grave inscription on the grave monument of Lucius Munatius Plancus on Monte Orlando near Gaeta. In the last two lines the colonias Lugudunum (Lyon) and Rauricam are clearly mentioned.
Reconstruction proposal by Augusta Raurica in the heyday of 240 AD.

Augusta Raurica lies on a terrace between the Rhine and the Table Jura in the north-west of what is now Switzerland. The Colonia was founded as a planned city on the green field, so did not have to take into account existing settlement structures. This enabled the clients to choose the ideal location and topography for their purposes. The Rhine connected the city to large parts of the north-western provinces by water . In addition, the north-south road coming from Northern Italy via the Great St. Bernhard via Aventicum , which crosses the Rhine here, and the west-east road leading from Gaul to Raetia and Pannonia crossed at Augusta Raurica . Two streams, the Ergolz and the Violenbach, have formed a plateau with steeply sloping slopes at this point, which gives the city natural protection and a wide view of the Rhine plain. They also ensure - supplemented by aqueducts - a good water supply. The fertile, climatically favored Rhine plain enables the city to be supplied with agricultural products.

The Colonia was laid out on a terrain spur (so-called Upper Town). The cardo maximus is not oriented to the north, but rather deviates by 36 degrees to the west due to the topography. It crosses with the decumanus maximus on the forum . The regular insula grid, which was laid over the entire upper town plateau, forms rectangles of approx. 56 × 66 m. Part of the settlement was also laid out in the plain on the Rhine (so-called lower town), but the insula grid was not included here.

Name of the colony

In the first name known today, the epitaph of Lucius Munatius Plancus , the Colonia is simply called 'Colonia Raurica'. When the Augustan re-establishment took place, there was an expansion to [Colonia Paterna Munatia Felix Apolli] naris [Augusta E] merita [Raur] ica. The proven emerita suggests that it was founded as a veterans' colony and was originally supposed to have a military character. The first established name as 'Augusta' comes from the year 139 AD, but such a name from the Augustan period is very likely. 'Raurica' (often also in the genitive form 'Rauricorum' or 'Rauracorum') goes back to the Celtic tribe of the Rauriks living in the region .

history

Founding time

In the area of ​​the later Colonia Augusta Raurica, people settled as early as the Neolithic and the Bronze Age . Finds from the late Celtic period ( Latène D1 ) show that until around 70 BC A small Celtic settlement existed, but there are no indications of a settlement from the decades before the founding of the Colonia.

According to the funerary inscription of Lucius Munatius Plancus in Gaëta , the Colonia was founded in the summer of 44 BC. Formally founded. However, no archaeological findings have been found from this time . It is possible that either as a result of the civil wars after Caesar's death, Colonia did not get beyond the formal founding act or that Colonia Raurica was originally not founded near Augst, but in Basel (Basilia). A permanent colony was only founded as a result of the conquest of the Central Alps under Emperor Augustus around 15 BC. The oldest archaeological evidence comes from the years 20-10 BC. The oldest public building is the main forum, which was probably built of wood shortly after it was founded.

Construction and expansion in the 1st century AD

In the course of the 1st century the insulae were built over with residential and craft houses and the city grew rapidly. On the western edge of the upper town there were extensive temple districts with Gallo-Roman square stamps. Opposite the forum a thermal bath was built in Tiberian times , the so-called women's thermal baths . At the same time, a wooden military camp was built on the Rhine plain, covering an area of ​​around 90 × 140 m. Because of its location directly on the border, troops were stationed in the civil town that belonged to the army unit of Vindonissa , 40 km away and militarily much more important .

Around the middle of the 1st century building activity began and the buildings of the Colonia were expanded in stone within a few decades. Large new construction projects were also tackled. In the center of the city a scenic theater was built in Flavian times and directly opposite a large podium temple (Schönbühl temple). A second, smaller forum was built next to it (south forum) and a bathing facility was built in the middle of the residential quarters, which included an entire insula (central thermal baths). A large temple complex was built on the western outskirts, which included a spa (temple and bath in Grienmatt).

The military camp in the lower town was abandoned as early as the middle of the 1st century. Under Vespasian , the border to Germania, which had previously run along the Rhine, was moved further north and Augusta Raurica became a purely civil town. Around the same time, the former location of the military camp was built over with residential and craft buildings made of wood. In addition, the construction of a city ​​wall began , but it was never completed.

Flowering period in the 2nd century AD

The 2nd century brought decades of political stability and economic prosperity to the city. The city was largely 'finished' and it was mainly the renovations and extensions of existing buildings that can be identified. Probably the biggest renovation took place at the beginning of the century in the center of Colonia, where the scenic theater was converted into a semi- amphitheater . A fire also triggered extensive renovation and new construction work on the forum.

Around 170 AD, work began on building a 'real' amphitheater on the southern edge of the city. For this purpose, a naturally created terrain cut was used, which saved major excavation and backfill work. The semi-

The silver treasure from Kaiseraugst in the museum.

The amphitheater in the city center was then converted into a scenic theater.

Renovation and expansion work also took place in the private houses, especially towards the end of the 2nd century richly furnished city villas were built, some of which took up entire insulae. In two cases, the owners were even given permission to expand their private houses beyond the public streets.

The areas of the lower town remained simpler residential and craft quarters, but the buildings were now also made of stone.

Crisis and fortification in the 3rd century

The approx. 6 cm high silver statuette of Heracles with boar was found in the Schmidmatt commercial building. It was lying in the rubble of the cellar along with another statuette of Athena . The three apples of the Hesperides in the left hand, the lion's skin over the left arm and the Calydonian boar refer to his twelve works.

The 3rd century brought radical events and changes to Augusta Raurica. The Roman Empire was held in suspense by numerous wars, political and economic uncertainties, and attacks on the borders. The effects in Augusta Raurica can already be seen in the 1st half of the 3rd century. Individual residential and craft buildings were abandoned and left to decay, the rubbish was no longer cleared away and remained lying in the streets. Fires increased, and in some cases the rubble remained in place and valuable objects such as silver statuettes and bronze vessels were not recovered from it. With the war over the Gallic Empire and the abandonment of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes in the 260s, the phenomena increased until the city was largely abandoned and destroyed around 280 AD. Finds of weapons and skeletons in the streets of the upper town indicate that the Colonia was also hit by fighting. The greatly reduced population withdrew to a natural spur on the outskirts of the upper town, which they fortified with building materials from the town's public and private buildings.

Military presence in late antiquity

The "enceinte réduite" on the Kastelenplateau was only a temporary solution, because from around 290 the construction of a castrum on the Rhine, in the area of ​​the lower town, began. Under Emperor Diocletian , the Roman Empire was so firmly established that extensive investments in border protection were possible. The Castrum Rauracense (today's Kaiseraugst ) secured the bridge crossing over the Rhine and housed troops of the Legio I Martia .

In the middle of the 4th century the Roman Empire was weakened domestically due to the armed conflicts between the sons of Constantine the Great and the counter-emperor Magnentius . Germanic tribes took advantage of the unrest and invaded many places across the borders. The castrum was probably overrun and badly damaged in the late summer of AD 352. During these turbulent times, one of the largest preserved silver treasures of late antiquity was buried: 58 kg of pure silver, processed into 270 objects such as plates, bowls, spoons or coins. Thanks to various inscriptions, it is known that the silver treasure from Kaiseraugst belonged to high-ranking followers of the emperor.

In the 2nd half of the 4th century the castrum was restored and was part of the border fortifications on the Rhine, which Emperor Valentinian had reinforced with 50 watchtowers between Lake Constance and Basel.

In front of the castrum, two weir trenches can be drawn, some of which overlap. The older moat from the time the fort was built was filled in towards the end of the 4th century. This could be a consequence of the withdrawal of the Roman troops, attested elsewhere around 400/401, in the course of the threat to Italy from the Goths . In contrast, finds such as ceramics and militaria point to the presence of Roman troops until the first half of the 5th century. So it is not certain how long the castrum was still used by the Roman military.

Changes and Continuities in the Early Middle Ages

The transition from the late antique military settlement to the early medieval civil settlement is only partially known. The stone buildings in the interior of the castrum were partly reused in the course of the 5th century, partly abandoned in favor of timber and clay half-timbered buildings. The population was probably largely descendants of the fort inhabitants , but from the 6th century onwards, a Franconian population can also be identified, which was probably the upper class. With the upswing of the city of Basel in the 7th and 8th centuries, the settlement lost its importance as a regional center and became a small farming and fishing village.

Public buildings

Fora

View from the north of the mighty substructure of the Curia and the well-preserved retaining wall of the basilica. Behind it the forum with the replica facade of the forum temple.

The main forum of Augusta Raurica is divided into four parts: a spacious square, the area publica , was surrounded by taberns , as was the area sacra adjoining it to the west with the podium temple. The Cardo Maximus led over the forum and separated these two forum areas. To the east of the area publica was the basilica , to which a ¾-circular curia was built. The main forum of Augusta Raurica is thus a typical representative of the 'Gallic forum' type and was integrated in a block-like manner into the island system of the upper town.

To the south-west of the scenic theater was another forum-like building complex, the so-called south forum with a side forum. The south forum consists of numerous small chambers arranged around a courtyard, the adjoining north forum comprises a wide corridor to which small chambers also adjoin on both sides. A trade center with goods sales, storage and administration can possibly be seen in the building complex.

temple

The ruins of the temple in Grienmatt.

Various temples were located mainly in the center and in the southwestern part of the upper town. In addition to the podium temple on the main forum, the podium temple opposite the scenic theater, the Schönbühl temple, was architecturally based on models from the southern Alpine region. The temple complexes in the south of the upper town, on the other hand, were in the Gallo-Roman tradition, they were one or more small square temples encompassing temple areas separated by a wall. In the plain formed by the Ergolz west of the city, there was also a large complex that was unique in its design, the sanctuary in Grienmatt. In the middle of a 125 × 132 m wide courtyard surrounded by a portico rose a 32 m wide double-facade building, the architectural design of which is largely unknown. A halo for the god of healing Aesculapius Augustus and a medicinal bath attached directly to the surrounding portico speak for a connection with healing and health, as is a halo that Maria Paterna had set up for the convalescence of her son Nobilianus.

theatre

In the urban area of ​​Augusta Raurica there were two theaters, a scenic theater in the center of the city and an amphitheater in the southern periphery. Strictly speaking, the scenic theater consists of three successive structures: the oldest building was a so-called "arena theater", which had a circular arena instead of an orchestra and thus allowed both theater and arena games.

This building was followed by a semi-amphitheater, which was created from the former scenic theater through extensive demolition, renovation and new construction work. By installing an elliptical arena, fights and animal hunting could now be staged.

When an amphitheater was built on the outskirts of the city around 170 AD, extensive renovations took place again. The third building was a classic scenic theater of the Gallo-Roman type.

The oldest theater building was erected at the same time as the monumental podium temple on Schönbühl directly opposite on an axis. Despite the massive renovations and conversions of the theater buildings, this reference was always maintained, which is why it can be assumed that cult events will be included in the theater.

As is typical for Augusta Raurica, all three theaters in the city center were built from limestone walls . Locally quarried red sandstone was used in areas with particularly high static loads , which were also used to design decorative elements and seating steps.

For the construction of the aforementioned amphitheater on the outskirts of the city, a natural depression was widened and developed so that one could get outside at ground level from the upper end of the seating steps. The 50 × 34 m large elliptical arena was surrounded by a 4 m high wall. Two carceres embedded in it on the long sides and two gate systems equipped with multiple passages on the narrow sides made it possible to enter and exit the arena from different directions.

Thermal baths

So far, two public thermal baths and a spa are known from Augusta Raurica. The women's thermal baths were located in the center of the city right next to the scenic theater. They comprised an entire insula and were provided with taberns facing the street.

The Rheinthermen after the excavations in 1975.

In addition to the sequence of cold, lukewarm and hot rooms and baths, the facility included an outdoor area surrounded by a portico with a swimming pool and a place for physical exercises. The swimming pool had to give way to a roofed hall during a renovation, which was probably also used for physical exercise.

The second thermal bath, the central thermal baths, was located in the middle of the residential and craft quarters of the upper town on the cardo maximus . It was larger than an insula and protruded into the north and south adjoining insulae. Otherwise little is known about the complex, as it has only been excavated in small sections.

The spa in Grienmatt is outside the city and is directly adjacent to a temple complex. The interpretation as a medicinal bath is based on corresponding dedicatory inscriptions and numerous small pools that could be identified as medicinal baths elsewhere.

In Violenried west of the Kastelen hill, another bathing facility and a well house were uncovered between 1996 and 1998. Based on the finds, the complex is dated to the first half of the 2nd century BC. Dated. Whether it is a small public thermal bath or a large private pool has not yet been conclusively clarified.

Whether it is a small public thermal bath or a large private pool has not yet been conclusively clarified.

Another thermal baths - the so-called Rheinthermen - was only built after Augusta Raurica's abandonment and was part of the Castrum Rauracense.

City wall and gates

The east-west running overland road that Augusta Raurica crossed in the south of the upper town led east and west of the town through gates provided with towers. From these city gates a nearly 2 m thick city wall went off, which however did not completely surround the city, but ended after a maximum of 370 m - south of the east gate, however, after 110 m. It is unclear whether the construction project was discontinued because it became too expensive or whether the wall was only planned as a facade from the start. At the east gate, however, it can be seen that the gate towers were originally planned larger and then redimensioned.

military

1st century military camp

Probably in the 2nd decade AD, only a few years after the establishment of the legionary camp in Vindonissa, about 40 km away, a military camp was built in the plain on the Rhine, later the western lower town. A defensive trench up to 3.2 m wide and 0.9 m deep surrounded an area of ​​approximately 140 × 90 m. Little is known about the interior construction made of wood. The military camp probably served to secure the Rhine border. However, it was already abandoned around the middle of the 1st century - long before the border was shifted to the north - possibly at the time when the legionary camp in Vindonissa was enlarged and built in stone. Little is known about the military units that were stationed here, only an inscription indicates that some of these could have been cavalry regiments. After the military camp in the Rhine valley was abandoned in the middle of the 1st century, Augusta Raurica was a civil town without military facilities for about 200 years. However, there is evidence that military units were involved in the major construction projects of the 2nd half of the 1st century.

Military presence in the 2nd and 3rd centuries

While there was hardly any evidence of a military presence in the 2nd century, weapons and armor as well as skeletons with blows and stab wounds testify to the presence of armed troops, especially in the advanced 3rd century. They were related to the 3rd century crisis. A certain military occupation of the "enceinte réduite" of the late 3rd century is also obvious.

4th century castrum

The Castrum Rauracense was built after the extensive destruction of the civil settlement of Augusta Raurica. The civilian population and the military lived together behind the mighty walls, which were between 8 and 10 meters high and had several fortification towers. Numerous layers of fire testify that the fortress was attacked by Germanic tribes around 351/352. Various indications, however, indicate that the fort was rebuilt afterwards. The older moat, which was built together with the fort, was filled in towards the end of the 4th century at the earliest. Finds such as ceramics and militaria testify to the presence of Roman troops until the first half of the 5th century.

The younger moat was dug sometime after the 5th century, although it has not yet been conclusively clarified by whom. The fact that a second ditch was dug and the continuous occupancy of the north-west burial ground until the 7th century suggest, however, that the fort had a central function up to this time.

Residential and craft quarters

Island development in the upper town

Due to prospecting (georadar, geophysics, aerial photography), large parts of the city are known in their ground plan. In addition to the monumental public buildings, numerous residential and commercial buildings have also been excavated and examined.

The insulae in the 1st half of the 1st century were still loosely built with wooden buildings with open spaces in between. As a result, the insulae were increasingly compacted with stone buildings, so that closed apartment blocks were created. Very richly furnished houses like those of Insula 30 were combined with handicraft businesses. The rooms facing the street were often used commercially, while the areas inside the insula and the upper floor were more used for living. Various trades could be detected in hall-like commercial spaces, e.g. B. Meat processing, textile handicrafts, metal processing, horn and bone carvings as well as cabinet makers.

From an archaeological point of view, a clear separation between private and commercial use is not always possible, as these will often have been multi-purpose rooms.

In the richly furnished domus in Insula 30, dining rooms, living rooms, private bathrooms and a kitchen grouped around an inner courtyard were exposed.

Strip house quarters in the lower town

The residential and commercial buildings in the lower town differ greatly from those in the upper town. The building plots were not rectangles surrounded by streets on all four sides, but only strips bordering a street on the narrow side . The development corresponded to that of a small town ( vicus ). Usually only the street-side part of the parcel was built on, so that a closed house front was created along the street, while behind it there were open spaces for gardens, sheds, workshops, stables, wells and latrines. The buildings were multi-purpose buildings in which handicrafts were practiced and where people lived.

Schmidmatt commercial building

The preserved structures of the Schmidmatt commercial building are now under a protective structure.

Due to a hillside location, two commercial buildings located on the east-west trunk road between Upper and Lower Town have been particularly well preserved. The buildings were built next to each other and had at least two floors, with the upper floor accessible from the street at ground level, while the lower floor, built into the slope, was accessible via a ramp. The basement of the western building housed, in addition to heated living rooms, a large kitchen and a large storage room for food and crockery, which suggests that there was a dining room above that was directly accessible from the street.

In the basement of the eastern building, a large commercial hall was uncovered, which was equipped with a brick basin and wooden barrels. A textile or food processing industry is conceivable here. Finds from the upper floor indicate that here, too, guests were entertained on the street level.

Pottery

Ceramic production was an important trade in Augusta Raurica . Most of the vessels used for storing, preparing and serving food were made of clay. The potteries in the upper town were almost exclusively on the edge of the settlement, an entire pottery quarter was along the southeastern trunk road and in the immediate vicinity of the clay quarries east of the city wall. In the lower town, the potteries were more dispersed and integrated into the residential and commercial quarters. The potteries were organized as family businesses and small factories and produced in comparatively small batches; their sales market was the colony town itself and the surrounding area.

Brick kiln in the Liebrüti (Kaiseraugst) with a well-preserved perforated tennis court and the hollow bricks from the last fire.

Glass factories

On a smaller scale than ceramics, glass vessels and objects were also made in Augusta Raurica. The previously known glass workshops were located in the lower town near the Rhine, where the firewood needed in large quantities could be delivered by water. There were three types of furnace in the workshops: tank furnaces for melting down large quantities of waste glass, port furnaces for the actual container production and cooling furnaces for slow cooling of the same. Mostly so-called square mugs were produced.

Brick factory

During the roughly 300-year existence of Augusta Raurica, huge amounts of building ceramics - mainly bricks - were used in the city. It stands to reason that these important structural elements were manufactured near the city, but no brickworks from this period have yet been found.

The brick factories from the 4th century (the time of the Castrum Rauracense ) are known, however. To the east of the Upper Town, which was largely abandoned at the time, there were large brick kilns. At least temporarily, these were probably operated by members of the army of the Castrum, as numerous bricks were stamped with the Legio I Martia .

Burial grounds

Large grave fields have been found on three of the city's four highways so far, some of them stretching over 1000 m along the streets. Other smaller groups of graves were uncovered around and rarely within the city. These are very often cremation graves , not until late antiquity - at the time of the Castrum Rauracense - body graves became the rule.

Outstanding among the graves is a burial in a monumental round building on the outskirts of the city on the southeastern trunk road. The brick rotunda was almost 15 m in diameter and was closed at the top by an earth tumulus . An important figure of Augusta Raurica was undoubtedly buried here in the 2nd half of the 1st century, since no inscription has survived, however, her identity must remain unknown.

Only a few of the grave markings visible above ground in Roman times have survived. In some graves, grave walls or grave gardens could be identified, and thanks to gravestones with inscriptions, some residents of Augusta Raurica are known by name.

Research and mediation

Research history

The oldest known floor plan of the Augst Theater by Basilius Amerbach and Hans Bock the Elder from 1590.

As early as the end of the 16th century, the Basel collector Basilius Amerbach dealt with the ruins of Augst and Kaiseraugst for the first time under scientific aspects and with methods of archeology. He attended excavations in the scenic theater and documented them as precisely as possible. He realized that the building, which was previously thought to be a castle, was a Roman theater. As early as 1528, the Basel humanist Beatus Rhenanus had established the connection between inscriptions that called a Colonia Raurica and the ruins near Augst.

In the following centuries, the monuments of Augusta Raurica were mainly used as a quarry for the nearby Basel. There has always been historical interest in the Roman city. However, treasure hunters, stone robbers and the trade in Roman architectural elements that arose in the Romantic era did their part to damage the monuments or to make them disappear completely.

Excavations and modern research

In the second half of the 19th century, the situation changed thanks to the Historical and Antiquarian Society of Basel , which bought the scenic theater with financial support from the private citizen Johann Jakob Merian and subsequently began the scientific research of Augusta Raurica. From the 1930s onwards, the Pro Augusta Raurica Foundation was an independent organization responsible for excavating and researching the city.

As a result of the intensive excavation work, especially in the 20th century, comparatively large parts of the Roman city have already been excavated, but even today new finds and findings come to light with every soil intervention in the city area. Two excavation teams - one in Augst (BL) and one in Kaiseraugst (AG) affiliated with the Aargau canton archeology - are therefore employed on emergency excavations all year round. They are part of the state archaeological company Augusta Raurica, which is also responsible for the collection and administration of the finds, the archiving of the documentation as well as the research, mediation and care of the Roman legacies. The relevant framework conditions are set out in the Roman Treaty as well as in the Archeology Act of the Canton of Basellandschaft and the Culture Act of the Canton of Aargau.

Augusta Raurica for visitors

Today Augusta Raurica is a freely accessible archaeological park and a cultural monument of national importance. Since the Augusta Raurica Museum and the associated Roman house were built in the 1950s, numerous buildings from the Roman period have been made accessible to visitors. The museum shows the silver treasure from Kaiseraugst as well as changing exhibitions on the Roman city in two exhibition rooms. The Roman house is a reconstruction of a Roman house based on a southern Alpine model and provides an insight into everyday Roman worlds such as living, food preparation and handicrafts. In the museum and in the open-air area there are guided tours and workshops on a variety of topics.

  • Augusta Raurica is now a destination that is visited by over 150,000 guests every year

  • The reconstructed Roman house gives an impression of the former splendor of a city villa.

  • Today the theater serves as a stage and showcase for cultural creation in the fields of music, dance and theater.

literature

Web links

Commons : Augusta Raurica  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ludwig Berger: Guide through Augusta Raurica . 7th edition. Schwabe Verlag, Basel 2012, ISBN 978-3-7965-2841-5 , p. 17-33 .
  2. ↑ Alex Furger: Traces from prehistory . In: R. Salathé (ed.): Augst and Kaiseraugst. Two villages - one story . Verlag des Kantons Basel-Land, Liestal 2007, p. 17-20 .
  3. ^ V. Vogel Müller, M. Nick and M. Peter: Late Latène Age finds from Augusta Raurica. Evidence of a pre-Roman settlement? In: Annual report Augst and Kaiseraugst . tape 33 , 2012, p. 145-162 .
  4. ^ H. Sütterlin and T. Pfammatter: The Roman thermal baths of Augusta Raurica. Location and small finds . In: Annual reports from Augst and Kaiseraugst . tape 36 , 2015, p. 123-169 .
  5. ↑ E. Deschler-Erb: Ad arma! Roman military of the 1st century AD in Augusta Raurica . In: Research in Augst . tape 28 , 1999, pp. passim .
  6. ↑ E. Deschler-Erb, S. Deschler-Erb and M. Peter: The early imperial military camp in the Kaiseraugster lower town . In: Research in Augst . tape 12 . August 1991.
  7. ^ T. Hufschmid: Three theaters and one sanctuary. Aspects of cult and rite using the example of the Roman theater of Augst . In: Theaters as part of monumental sanctuaries in the northwestern provinces of the Roman Empire. Architecture organization - benefits, research in Augst . tape 50 . August 2016.
  8. ^ T. Hufschmid: The theater buildings of Augst nine towers . In: L. Berger (Ed.): Guide through Augusta Raurica . 7th edition. Schwabe Verlag, Basel 2012, p. 79-117 .
  9. ↑ L. Berger: The main forum with temple, basilica and curia . In: Guide to Augusta Raurica . 7th edition. Schwabe Verlag, Basel 2012, p. 63-78 .
  10. ^ L. Berger: The so-called southern forum with a secondary forum . In: Guide to Augusta Raurica . 7th edition. Schwabe Verlag, Basel 2012, p. 139-142 .
  11. ^ Treaty on the Roman city of Augusta Raurica. (PDF) January 14, 2020, accessed on January 14, 2020 .
  12. ^ Archeology Act of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft. Retrieved January 14, 2020 .
  13. ^ Cultural law of the Canton of Aargau. Retrieved February 4, 2020 .
  14. ^ Website of Augusta Raurica. Retrieved January 13, 2020 .

Coordinates: 47 ° 32 '1.9 "  N , 7 ° 43' 17"  E ; CH1903:  six hundred and twenty-one thousand two hundred and ninety-three  /  264830