Clarissa (novel)
Clarissa. The story of a woman making room ( Engl. Clarissa, or, The History of a Young Lady epistolary novel ) is an epistolary novel of the English writer Samuel Richardson , published in 1748 by C. Rivington and J. Osborn in London. In the years 1748–1753 Vandenhoeck brought out the German translation by Johann David Michaelis in Göttingen .
Belonging to the landed gentry and having become rich through leasing , the Harlowes aim high. James Harlowe junior, the only son of the house, wants to rise from the lower nobility; want to become lord. The 18-year-old Clarissa, the youngest daughter of the house, has to make her contribution at her father's request. The property is to be increased by marriage. Clarissa wants to stay single. She is not allowed.
One of the early imitators of this Richardsonian contribution to sensitivity is the French romancière Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont with her “New Clarissa. A true story ” from 1767.
Johann Karl Wezel makes fun of "the Richardson novels, these galleries of ideal characters and moral platitudes". Around two centuries later, German-language literary historiography calls Clarissa a masterpiece.
characters
- Miss Clarissa Harlowe
- James Harlowe Sr., Clarissa's father
- Lady Charlotte Harlowe, Clarissa's mother
- James Harlowe junior, Clarissa's brother
- Miss Arabella Harlowe, Clarissa's older sister
- John Harlowe, Clarissa's uncle, older brother of Clarissa's father
- Antony Harlowe, Clarissa's uncle, younger brother of Clarissa's father
- Colonel Morden, Clarissa's cousin and guardian
- Mrs. Hervey, half sister of Mrs. Harlowe
- Miss Dolly Hervey, their daughter
- Mrs. Judith Norton, Clarissa's former tutor
- Dr. Arthur Lewin, Clarissa's former tutor, clergyman with the Harlowes
- Roger Solmes, bridegroom intended for Clarissa by the parents
- Miss Anna Howe, Clarissa's best friend
- Mrs. Howe, her mother
- Charles Hickman, a suitor of Miss Anna Howe
- Robert Lovelace (English lace), a libertine , Clarissa's admirer
- John Belford, Lovelace's Intimus
- Richard Mowbray, Thomas Doleman, James Tourville and Thomas Belton. Libertins, Lovelace's pals
- Lord M., of Glemham Hall, Lovelace's uncle
- Lady Sara Sadleir, widowed half-sister of the Lord
- Lady Betty Lawrance, Lovelace's widowed grandmother
- Miss Charlotte Montague, Miss Patty Montague. Nieces of the lord
- Mr. Elias Brand, a pedantic young clergyman
- Dr. RH, a doctor, Belford's friend
- Mrs. Moore, widow, runs a guest house in Hampstead
- Mrs. Sinclair, wrong name of a London brothel operator. Allegedly widow of Scottish Colonel Sinclair
- Captain Antony Tomlinson, wrong name of villain Patrick McDonald
- Joseph Leman, servant to the Harlowes
- William Summers, Lovelace's servant
- Hannah Burton, servant
structure
A good 500 letters are written within a year. The correspondents in the seven parts of the novel are mainly two young girls and two men from the lower nobility; once Miss Clarissa Harlowe and her best friend Miss Anna Howe and Mr. Robert Lovelace and his friend Mr. John Belford write to each other. Especially in the last third of the novel, it is not uncommon for women to write to men and vice versa.
Lovelace writes for the first time in the 31st letter of the first part to the friend. Clarissa speaks for the last time in the 46th letter of the 7th part (to Mrs. Norton). In the last part, the two men dominate. The last letter from Miss Howe (to Mr. Belford), dated October 12th, is the 108th in part seven.
Some of the other writers or recipients are listed in the table below. In the third column, numbers in round brackets indicate the numbers of the letters in the text. Not all letters are dated. Individual chronological jumps backwards occur in the letter sequence; for example between the 2nd and the 3rd part. In the edition used, the numbering of the letters in each part begins with letter no.
Clarissa's will and her farewells can be found in Part 7. The will is contained in the 86th letter. Her farewell letter of August 24 to Lovelace is in the 89th letter and that to Colonel Morden in the 97th letter.
| part | Number of letters |
Other correspondents | date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 44 | no | January 10th to March 21st |
| 2 | 46 | no | March 22nd to April 10th |
| 3 | 79 | Joseph Leman (2,3,45,46), Arabella Harlowe (9), Mrs. Hervey (47.50), Mr. Hickman (71) | April 8th to May 4th |
| 4th | 43 | Mrs. Norton (6-9), Lord M. (17.32) | May 7th to May 31st |
| 5 | 74 | Patrick McDonald alias Tomlinson (71), Mr. Mowbray (73) | June 2nd to June 29th |
| 6th | 125 | Mrs. Howe (3,4,63,64), Hannah Burton (5,6), Mrs. Norton (7,8,14-16,68,69,82,84,88,89,115,116), Lady Betty Lawrance ( 9,10,13), Miss Charlotte Montague (36,38,39,80,91,93,101), Arabella Harlowe (58-62,70,85,87,99), Clarissa's mother Lady Charlotte Harlowe (63,64, 82,100), Lord M. (105), Clarissa's uncle John Harlowe (109,110), Clarissa's uncle Antony Harlowe (113,114) | June 30th to August 22nd |
| 7th | 116 | Dr. Arthur Lewin (9,10), Arabella (11,12,63,70), Mrs. Norton (13-15,40,46,62), Mr. Brand (25), Colonel Morden (28,29,43, 79-84,87,96-99), Dr. H. (42), Mr. Mowbray (56,59,75,77), John Harlowe (64,71), Clarissa's father James Harlowe (67), Lady Charlotte Harlowe (68), Clarissa's brother James Harlowe (69.85 , 86), Antony Harlowe (71), Lord M. (88,104-107), Miss Charlotte Montague (89) | August 22nd to December 18th |
content
Part 1
Clarissa - called Klärchen in the family - confesses to her correspondent Anna Howe that she always got on well with her siblings, until her grandfather, as the chosen little darling of his old days, preferred her in his will with real estate. Anna wants Clarissa to tell her why her brother James had a fight with Lovelace. Clarissa replies that Lovelace was introduced to the house as a wealthy suitor. Clarissa's sister Arabella had given the gentleman a basket, although he would one day inherit rich and could possibly take over the title of his uncle M. Lovelace then cast an eye on Clarissa. Arabella and her two uncles have nothing against the newly envisaged connection, but the mother rejects Lovelace's “messy way of life”. Clarissa's brother James called Lovelace his enemy and the father had heard only bad things about the lavish young gentleman with the dissolute lifestyle.
Since Lord M., the uncle Lovelace mentioned above, wishes to marry into the wealthy House of Harlowe, if not through a marriage to Arabella, then through Clarissa, Lovelace had been given a second chance. But the headstrong, morose James, who had hated Lovelace at university, had insulted the former classmate so much that the offended had to draw his sword.
Because of James' feverish wound, the parents are furious and forbid Clarissa to exchange letters with Lovelace. After James is on the mend, he and Arabella select the crooked, broad-shouldered Mr. Solmes as Clarissa's new suitor. The father calls the monster, as Clarissa calls the wealthy Mr. Solmes, his friend. Even the mother - like the others in the family, eager for even more wealth - flatter this "wretched guy". Solmes, envisaged by the family as Clarissa's future lord and tyrant, returns the flatteries. The girl has to endure three visits by the sober businessman to his room. The father cannot show any understanding for the daughter's resistance to the advantageous relationship. He tolerates no objection and demands obedience from Clarissa if she does not want to lose her inheritance.
Anna Howe writes to Clarissa that when the haughty James asked condescendingly for her hand, she would have been repulsed by his impetuous nature. Lovelace, on the other hand, appears to her as an amiable young gentleman who neither plays nor drinks and likes to write. Such a man cannot be vicious. Lovelace went to Anna and complained to her about the Harlowe family. The Harlowes would have sent spies for him. Clarissa replies that although she prefers Mr. Lovelace to Mr. Solmes, she is not in love with the former.
Clarissa learns the real reason for the duel between her brother and Lovelace. The siblings do everything they can to thwart Clarissa's marriage to Lovelace. Although Lovelace has long spurned Arabella, she is still in love with the only man who frees her.
Clarissa introduces the mother to the letters Lovelace has received. After knowing these letters to Clarissa's address, the mother doubts that this man is the right person. Clarissa can only answer that, Solmes, that monster with poor manners and mind, cannot marry her. She could not overcome her disgust for this gentleman. In addition, she does not want to be used by her addicted brother James with riotous intent. With this connection he only wanted to rob the Solmesschen relatives' lands.
Clarissa cannot be persuaded. She asks Solmes, her admirer with the "very small, vile heart", to refrain from further visits and to look around "for another party". Solmes, unfazed, continues to hope for Clarissa, the first woman he can love. The mother, who "loves money excessively", begs the daughter in vain to "give some hope" to Solmes - the man from a "good family" who possesses debt-free and lucrative goods. The mother turns against the daughter; calls her the "most stubborn" girl. Clarissa is sad. The dear mother doesn’t want her to be an enemy. Of course, Arabella also distances herself from her defiant sister. The brother's blood is stuck to Lovelace's sword.
Brother James plays the master in the house. He replaced Clarissa's maid with a servant who was blindly devoted to him and ordered the sister to be arrested. Clarissa continues to write happily. The correspondent Anna Howe is reprimanded by her own mother for allegedly inciting Clarissa to disobey her parents by letter. The letter writer Lovelace does not give up. He suggests that Clarissa and Uncle Lord M. ask the family for good weather. Clarissa is considering fleeing to Lord M. Lovelace feels the entire dislike of the Harlowe family when he seeks "reconciliation" during a Sunday church visit.
When Clarissa tries to win her uncle Antony for herself, she notices that the wind has turned in the meantime. The uncle, previously for Lovelace, rejects Clarissa. Lovelace, the "arch villain", is a "notorious whore stallion".
Clarissa has left the management of the property inherited from her grandfather to her father. Anna Howe advises her to take possession of the estate and thus to overcome her “shameful captivity”. The father answers Clarissa's intentions sternly. If she married the dissolute Lovelace, he would litigate her own daughter. Clarissa would rather beg outside the door than take legal action against her father.
Part 2
The brother denies Clarissa the right to say no to the marriage contract approved by her father with Mr. Solmes. Clarissa doesn't know one yet. While Anna Howe warns against a trip to Solmes' estate, where her immediate marriage is in danger, Lovelace advises her in a letter to seek protection in Mrs. Howe's house. Uncle John writes Clarissa, the "all-too-listable, ungrateful, naughty child", as threatening as Uncle Antony has already written.
Clarissa learns that she is to be placed with Uncle Antony and that she will be taken to a chapel where Solmes will be waiting for her. Lovelace's next letter is too bold. Clarissa ponders: Will the family give in if they break up with Lovelace entirely? She offers the family a horse trade: Clarissa waives her property in favor of the family if her opponents give in. Anna wants to ask her mother to take Clarissa into her house for the time being.
Clarissa sees Lovelace as a cliff on which she fails and Solmes as a sandbar on which she remains seated. Anna Howe assigns her the role of pilot on this stormy sea voyage. When Clarissa learns from Anna Howe that Lovelace seduced a 17-year-old, she hates him more than Solmes. In the following letter, however, Anna washes the Moor white. Everything is slander. Lovelace acted nobly on that maiden.
Clarissa hopes for the arrival of Colonel Murder. He could use his authority as a guardian in their property. Clarissa has heard talk, Solmes is just as afraid of the upcoming meeting with her as she is.
Lovelace wants to do something about Clarissa's placement with Uncle Antony, but Clarissa would rather flee to Anna in that case. During the feared meeting with the dressed-up Solmes in the parents' house, Clarissa announces to the client her "insurmountable objections" to his person. She remains firm. The brother and uncles do not arrive against Clarissa's will. The whole family is put off by Clarissa's violence. Solmes has to withdraw, not without first admitting to the beloved that her resistance made her even more desirable in his eyes and he hopes further.
Lovelace wants to marry Clarissa and suggests that she retire on her estate. He also wants to make sure that she can take possession of her property without further ado. Clarissa would rather run to Mrs. Howe. Anna Howe then suggests that she either want to go secretly to London with Clarissa or that Clarissa should go under the protection of Lord M. and his sisters. As a third option, the counselor Anna suggests signing the marriage contract with Lovelace. Clarissa, on the other hand, wants to flee to London alone, but sees the impracticability of her plan.
Mr. Brand, a young clergyman from Oxford, is said to have trusted Clarissa because the clergyman associated with the Harlowes, Dr. Lewin refuses to marry the young woman against his will.
Clarissa writes to Anna Howe from an inn in St Albans that she has now gone through with a man.
part 3
Clarissa regrets her "most hasty act". Accommodation is uncomfortable. She can hardly stand her exultant "seducer" - the flatterer calls her Lady. Lovelace on the other hand - he renamed himself Robert Huntingford to be on the safe side - enthuses his correspondent Belford: “This child is very much alive, very glowing, very flesh and blood, and yet so delicate that every beating vein shines through the skin . “Lovelace fears his goddess might escape. A safe place is required. He says goodbye to the marriage project. For although he is socially higher than the Harlowes in his opinion, he has been scornfully rejected by these people; was forced to kidnap Clarissa. It is a small step to questions like: Is Clarissa virtuous? Has their virtue ever been tested? The bachelor fears that as a bon vivant he might get a woman who is too profound.
Anna Howe advises Clarissa in a letter to be a little more accommodating. Clarissa replies that she does not want to accept being humiliated by Lovelace and is wondering where to flee from her “protector”. Anna is worried. She recommends the girlfriend to get married immediately - because of the talk of the people.
Through one of his cronies, the libertine Doleman, Lovelace places his goddess in the widow Sinclair's brothel. Lovelace invented the name Sinclair. Clarissa's brother James has found out that the sister is still single. That's why he wants to track her down in London and kidnap her. Arabella writes that her father cursed Clarissa, that all members of the family broke up with her and that all the gentlemen whom she had ever turned down - with the exception of Solmes - rejoiced.
Clarissa doesn't know that she lives in a brothel, but she puzzles: Does the smile and the brazen chatter of the female staff have a bad meaning? Do Messrs Belton, Mowbray, Tourville, and Belford who are present belong to indecent society? Clarissa observed that about 30-year-old consumptive , imaginary Cavalier Belton is a drunk and a gambler. The 34-year-old, well-traveled, haughty, exquisitely dressed, brazen opponent of religion, Mr. Mowbray, has two facial scars and constantly commands his trembling servants who are waving around him. The 31-year-old, likewise sumptuously but colorfully dressed dude Mr. Tourville amused the company with the performance of French and Italian songs and mocked the women. Lovelace is the youngest in this group of men. Clarissa thinks the 28-year-old well-read Belford is decent. She writes to Anna Howe that a prolonged stay in the intolerable company of Mrs. Sinclair will bring her no honor; she must "flee Mr. Lovelacen and this house as the plague".
Mrs. Howe forbids Clarissa to write to her daughter Anna. Anna is outraged and is considering moving to London. She hires her admirer, Mr. Hickman, to handle the mail.
Belford writes Lovelace from Edgware and admires Clarissa as the innocent child he wants to be a wife of himself. Belford asks his friend to marry the beautiful young lady, also on behalf of Belton, Mowbray and Tourville. Lovelace replies that the captured bird does not love him at all. Belford ruthlessly scolds the friend.
The level-headed Colonel Morden advises Clarissa in a letter from Florence against a connection with Lovelace, because the latter will probably not improve.
Part 4
Instigated by Anna Howe, Mrs. Norton, Clarissa's former tutor, asks Lady Harlowe in vain for good weather. Despite the prohibition by Mrs. Howe, the correspondence between Anna and Clarissa continues. Anna again advises Clarissa to marry Lovelace. Clarissa thinks of Colonel Murden's letter and ponders: Do I really want to be the wife of a cold-hearted villain? I don't really love him.
Lovelace, for his part, wants to "overcome" Clarissa with cunning and deceit. After his "victory" he wants to marry her. Belford cannot accept such “dissolute urges”. Lovelace stays with it. He must tame the girl with the lion heart. Clarissa was only overly proud of her chasteness.
The female inmates of the brothel convince Lovelace that Clarissa is ready. He could seduce her and use violence in the process.
Part 5
A controllable fire is kindled in the brothel at night. The dismayed Clarissa is driven "almost naked" into Lovelace's arms. The next day the “almost dishonored” young lady escapes from the “impostor” to Mrs. Moore in Hampstead. But Lovelace's servant, William Summers, finds the runaway. With the help of the fake captain Tomlinson, Clarissa is lured into the brothel again, drugged with a "sleeping draft" and raped by Lovelace with the "main intention" of making this woman a "bed companion".
Clarissa calls herself the "humiliated person" and Lovelace the "most shameful guy in the world, Satan himself". “Lovelacin” will never be called the “wife”, as the rapist calls her. Clarissa is forgetful overnight, repeats herself and is afraid of Mrs. Sinclair. Punished and humiliated, deprived of honor and "miserably abused" by the "most vile villain on earth", the once proud Clarissa would like to go to the madhouse with bread and water . For Lovelace, however, the robbery of the virginity, in which Clarissa's body was shaken, is a pleasant thing. During Lovelace's absence, Clarissa tries to escape from the brothel. The Sinclair follows her into the alley and tells her to turn back. Clarissa cries and obeys. During the second attempt to escape in the presence of Lovelace, Clarissa yells outraged passers-by out of the barred brothel window in the alley.
Lord M. is doing badly. Lovelace believes that if he were to become lord, Clarissa's reputation would rise. Suddenly Clarissa is on the terms of her torturer. She wants to leave the brothel. And she would really like to die. Nothing there! Lovelace wants to lead the “wife” to the altar on the one hand and sees herself as the father of Clarissa's first-born - admittedly illegitimate - child on the other. Lovelace sticks to the idea of pregnancy - all without a sense of guilt. Later, in one of his last letters to his friend Belford, he would write: “A joke I call everything that has happened between you and me, a joke to die for! For, from the beginning to the end, didn't she win infinitely more over me than suffered from me? "
Lovelace, who had to visit his sick uncle Lord M. outside London, receives message from Mowbray: Clarissa is gone.
Part 6
On June 28th, Clarissa spoke up for the first time after she was raped with a letter from Covent Gardener Koenigsstrasse. She writes to Anna Howe. This time she stayed with thoroughly honest, but complete strangers - Rahel Clark and Mr. Smith, owners of a stocking and glove shop. Clarissa is tired of life; would rather die than get married. Her greatest wish is that her parents may forgive her before she dies.
The father cancels his curse, but the siblings and uncles write her an impressive series of merciless letters; invariably full of hatred and glee. These implacable insults are answered bit by bit by the recipient. When Clarissa asks for her mother's blessing by letter, she kneels while writing. Since she locked herself in and fasted strictly, her health has been in poor health.
Anna is allowed to write again and encourages her friend to continue living. Clarissa's cousin Colonel Morden would soon be back from abroad. Surely he will look after the cousin, see that justice is done to her. Clarissa fears that the heated colonel could endanger herself because she has been without protection for so long and he probably wants to avenge her. Later, the former governess, Mrs. Norton, wrote to Clarissa that the Colonel had landed and was expected to travel via Canterbury .
Lovelace's family takes the seducer hard. The black sheep Lovelace indifferently agrees with the screaming, raging old people. As a young man he had "his own pleasure". He wanted to get rid of the shame through marriage. His beauty will certainly prevent that through her unyielding, dismissive demeanor. Lovelace apologizes for his behavior and becomes impatient. His “unheard of malice, the heat of a fiery love” must be atoned for with marriage. All in all, Lovelace doesn't know what he wants. On the one hand, he sees himself as dead: “How foolish his Fraulein Clarissa Harlowe is! What a widow she would make! ”And on the other hand he would like to live; doesn’t want to lose an angel like Clarissa.
Mrs. Sinclair wants to use legal means to collect rent claims for her brothel from Clarissa's well-to-do relatives and has the girl kidnapped by her whores to High Holborn. The insolvent Clarissa is imprisoned. Belford, who has won Clarissa's trust, has Mrs. Sinclair's lawsuit overturned in court. Clarissa returns freely to the pair of stockingists. She would like to entrust Belford with the execution of her last will.
Part 7
Contrary to her habit, Clarissa wrote to Lovelace almost euphorically that a reconciliation with her beloved father was promised to her - mediated by Colonel Morden. After a long conversation with Lovelace, the colonel has the impression that the sinner repents. Morden recommends Clarissa marry Lovelace. Clarissa refuses. In addition, Clarissa receives one good piece of advice after another. Clarissa's former tutor Dr. Arthur Lewin favors the criminal prosecution. Clarissa is convinced that the English judiciary will let Lovelace get away with it. Sister Arabella, who, contrary to expectations, finally gives in, wants to persuade Clarissa to stay with friends of the family in distant Pennsylvania for several years "until everything is gone".
The reconciliation with the parents fails because of Clarissa's stubborn brother. Clarissa starves herself to death in protest against the world. She said of this torment: “It's not as hard to die as I thought it was. The preparation is the difficulty. ”On September 8th, she dies of emaciation .
Lovelace turns his back on the kingdom. He goes on a pleasure trip to Paris and Italy. Belford, who wants to excuse his friend, is put in place by Colonel Morden.
A few months later - in mid-December - Colonel Morden, coming from Vienna, duels with Lovelace on the Italian border. The day after the duel, the seriously wounded Lovelace dies.
Quote
- Clarissa, wise from experience, to Anna Howe: “It's a very sad world. As long as we find shelter under the wings of our parents, we don't know anything about it. "
shape
In the extensive bundle , the reader can easily lose track - also because Clarissa at the beginning, for lack of knowledge of the "truth", sometimes has to retract her assertions later in letters. In 1868 the Scot Eneas Sweetland Dallas presented a thinned text mess in a 1000-page "short version". Newer transmissions into German meanwhile manage with around 500 pages.
Occasionally the reader learns indirectly that all the protagonists are of aristocratic origin. The translator calls the gentlemen Junkers. These pleasure-addicted warriors in Lovelace's area control tenants.
Since Clarissa Harlowe and Anna Howe, who dominate the first parts of the work, cannot be there everywhere, they have their helpers. Clarissa has her maid, who is finally released by her brother (see above) and Anna Howe has her admirer Mr. Hickman, who gets information about Lovelace from London.
The letter writer Lovelace also provides some plausibility checks. For example, he tells his intimate partner, Mr. Belford, how he initially got hold of the wrong person - Arabella. The "confused head of the old uncle" Lord M. was to blame for "the mix-up". Likewise afterwards the reader receives from Lovelace - again addressed to Belford's address - a brief description of the two Harlowes. The father "dark, of insurmountable obstinacy" and the son a "naughty village squire", "this cattle", whom he "gave life to in a duel, inflated and selfish". Lovelace confesses to the friend that he is in love with his “divine Clarissa Harlowe”, the “frosty”, light-eyed “beauty” with the “exceptionally beautiful limbs”. He is pretty sure of her because she must either take Solmes or flee to him.
In the 38th letter of Part 5, Lovelace wrote only three brief sentences to Belford early on June 13, in contrast to his usual proliferation. So the editor of the letters has to intervene: The description of the events of the previous night - what is meant is the rape of Clarissa - this woman will catch up in her letters from Thursday, July 6th.
Richardson gets a problem when the "lovers" Clarissa and Lovelace are forever split after being raped. The correspondence between the two withered. The author has the solution to the problem. Belford and the former governess Mrs. Norton step in as very busy letter writers. Together with Anna Howe, they initiate and maintain a very extensive correspondence with the warring parties, i.e. with Clarissa's and Lovelace's family.
Richardson lets Belford briefly and succinctly refer to the near and far future in the appendix to the correspondence: Clarissa's parents die almost three years after Clarissa. The Uncle and Solmes live their lives stoically. Brother James and sister Arabella each find a partner. The marriages are unhappy. The siblings quarrel over property matters. James litigated with no luck. Morden stays in Florence for a long time again. Belford marries Miss Charlotte Montague. Both son inherit Lord M. Anna Howe mourns her friend Clarissa for six months. The overjoyed Mr. Charles Hickman is allowed to ask for her hand. The arch villain Mrs. Sinclair and the criminal McDonald alias Captain Tomlinson had already brought Samuel Richardson with a light hand underground in Part 7.
reception
The French enlightener and encyclopedist Denis Diderot was an admirer of the works of Samuel Richardson and much of the subject of the novel Clarissa or, The History of a Young Lady found its inspirational path in La Religieuse . While he was working on his novel Le Neveu de Rameau , Richardson died on July 4, 1761. In his writing Éloge de Richardson (1760) he had praised him for raising the genre of the novel to a serious level.
- History of literature Jørgensen, Bohnen, Øhrgaard 1990
The "psychological analysis of female emotions" is treated - for the middle of the 18th century - in an unusually in-depth manner. In contrast to Lessing's Miss Sara Sampson , Clarissa refuses to accept her lover before marriage.
- Dissertation Nicklas 1995
In the context of Western European romantic tradition, the English scholar Pascal Nicklas completed his doctorate on Clarissa in 1995 in Frankfurt . Actually, it's about the eponymous emotional grief, called Affliction . But based on the terms "violence and sensitivity" in the subtitle, Lovelace embodies with his penetration into Clarissa that male violence, which Clarissa answers with female sensitivity. Richardson avoids the happy ending of the love story in that Clarissa does not surrender to the man in any way after the rape, for example through marriage or other bond (pregnancy with subsequent birth of a child), but instead maintains her integrity by choosing the path of starvation and finally get through. Richardson drills alongside justice. Colonel Morden answered the above-mentioned intrusion into Clarissa's body in a duel. Justice will be done to the villain, in that the sword of Mordens penetrated Lovelace's body in a deadly way.
Nicklas names further, mostly English-language literature:
- 1749: Sarah Fielding : Remarks on ›Clarissa‹, addressed to the author. London
- 1767: Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont : La Nouvelle ›Clarice‹, histoire véritable.
- 1771: Sophia Briscoe: Miss Melmoth or the new ›Clarissa‹ . London
- 1788: Robert Porrett: ›Clarissa‹ or the fatal seduction . London
- 1913: AH Upham: A Parallel for Richardson's ›Clarissa‹ .
- 1931: Paul Dottin: Samuel Richardson, author de ›Clarisse‹. Paris
- 1932: Hans Galinsky : The Lucrezia material in world literature . Wroclaw
- 1959: Kinkhead-Weekes: ›Clarissa‹ Restored?
- 1963: William J. Farrell: The Style and the Action in Clarissa .
- 1964: Christopher Hill: Clarissa Harlowe and Her Times . new York
- 1968: TC Duncan Eaves, Ben D. Kimpel: The Composition of ›Clarissa‹ and its Revisions before Publication . PMLA 83
- 1969: William C. Slattery: The Richardson-Stinstra Correspondence and Stinstra's Prefaces to ›Clarissa‹. London
- 1972: Peter Uwe Hohendahl: Sensitivity and social awareness ... using the example of ... ›Clarissa‹ . Yearbook of the German Schiller Society
- 1973: S. van Marter: Richardson's Revisions of Clarissa in the Second Edition.
- 1975: Anthony Kearney: Samuel Richardson: ›Clarissa‹ . London
- 1977: John Traugott: ›Clarissa‹ 's Richardson. Berkeley
- 1981: Jonathan Loesberg: Allegory and Narrative in ›Clarissa‹ . Novel
- 1982: Terry Castle: Clarissa's ciphers . meaning & disruption (English disrupt - to smash) in Richardson's Clarissa . Cornell University Press, Ithaca . ISBN 0-8014-1495-4
- 1982: Terry Eagleton: The Rape of Clarissa. Oxford
- 1982: Lady Elizabeth Echlin: An Alternative Ending to Richardson's ›Clarissa‹. Bern
- 1984: Christina Marsden Gillis: Epistolary Form in ›Clarissa‹ . Gainesville
- 1985: Florian Stuber: On Fathers and Authority in ›Clarissa‹ .
- 1989: Robert A. Erickson: ›Clarissa‹ and Scripture .
- 1990: Nicholas Hudson: Arts of Seduction and the Rhetoric of ›Clarissa‹ . Modern Language Quarterly
- 1992: Tom Keymer: Richardson's ›Clarissa‹ and the Eighteenth-Century Reader. Cambridge
Adaptations
- graphic
- Chodowiecki illustrated the French edition with copperplate engravings in 1785 .
- TV movie
- 1991, BBC : Samuel Richardson's ›Clarissa‹. History of a Young Lady (languages: English, German. 2 DVDs 201 min) by Robert Bierman with Saskia Wickham as Clarissa, Sean Bean as Lovelace, Hermione Norris as Anna Howe, Sean Pertwee as John Belford and Julian Firth as Roger Solmes.
- radio play
- March 20, 2010, in English: BBC Radio 4 : Clarissa by Marilyn Imrie (dramaturge: Hattie Naylor) with Zoe Waites as Clarissa and Richard Armitage as Lovelace.
German-language literature
expenditure
- Samuel Richardson: Clarissa. The story of an elegant woman. Digitized and full text in the German Text Archive : Part 1 , Part 2 1748, Part 3 , Part 4 1749, Part 5 , Part 6 1750, Part 7 1751, Part 8 1753 Göttingen
- Samuel Richardson: Clarissa . With book decorations by Arthur Gratz. Wiegandt & Grieben, Berlin 1908. 495 pages
- Samuel Richardson: Clarissa Harlowe. Novel. Translated from English and edited by Ruth Schirmer . Manesse, Zurich 1966. 573 pages (Manesse Library of World Literature, 1st edition).
- Samuel Richardson: Clarissa or The Story of a Young Lady. With an afterword by Iris Denneler . Translated and selected by Wilhelm and Fritz Miessner. 508 pages. Ullstein Taschenbuch, Berlin 1994. ISBN 978-3-548-30337-6
Secondary literature
- Sven Aage Jørgensen, Klaus Bohnen, Per Øhrgaard : Enlightenment, Storm and Drang, early Classics 1740–1789 . In Helmut de Boor (Ed.), Richard Newald (Ed.): History of German Literature, Volume VI . CH Beck, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-406-34573-5
- Pascal Nicklas : The School of Affliction. Violence and Sensitivity in Samuel Richardson's 'Clarissa'. ( Vol. 9: English and American texts and studies ). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 1996 (Diss. Frankfurt (Main) 1995). ISBN 3-487-10300-1 .
Web links
English
Remarks
- ↑ also: Clarissa Harlowe
- ↑ Seven parts are available in the German-language edition used (Part 8 contains additions to the letters in the previous parts).
- ↑ This is a selection. In round brackets: letter number (s).
- ↑ In Part 7 of the novel, Richardson gives the city of Trident several times as the location of the duel . Maybe Trieste is meant.
- ^ Samuel Richardson, Alfred de Sauty: Clarissa. A novel. Edited by ES Dallas. Tinsley Brothers (English William Tinsley ), London 1868. 3 vol. 1068 pages
- ↑ In his letter to his friend Belford in the last part of the novel, Lovelace still hopes that Clarissa's “arduous misery” will result in the birth of a “young boy” (Part 7, Letter 5).
- ↑ Edition used
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Edition used, Part 7, Letter 19
- ^ French Roman sensible
- ^ Johann Karl Wezel, quoted in Jørgensen, Bohnen, Øhrgaard, p. 174, 16. Zvu
- ↑ Jørgensen, Bohnen, Øhrgaard, p. 177 middle
- ↑ Edition used, Part 7, Letter 98
- ↑ engl. Glemham Hall
- ↑ Edition used, Part 5, Letter 44
- ↑ Edition used, Part 5, Letter 42
- ↑ Edition used, Part 5, Letter 47
- ↑ Edition used, Part 5, Letter 48
- ↑ Edition used, Part 5, Letter 49
- ↑ Edition used, Part 7, Letter 34
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letters 25, 50, 56, 71, 82 and 100
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letter 26
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letters 26, 86, 115 and 116.
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letters 20, 29, 82 and 101
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letter 102
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letters 117 and 119
- ↑ engl. High Holborn
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letters 20, 36 and 40.
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letter 50
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letter 86
- ↑ Edition used, Part 7, Letter 60
- ↑ Edition used, Part 6, Letter 112
- ↑ engl. IT Dallas
- ^ Rita Goldberg: Sex & Enlightenment. Women in Richardson & Diderot. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK 1984, ISBN 978-0-521-26069-5 .
- ↑ Jørgensen, Bohnen, Øhrgaard, p. 11, 21. Zvo
- ↑ Jørgensen, Bohnen, Øhrgaard, p. 177, 16. to 25. Zvo
- ↑ Nicklas, pp. 216-237
- ↑ Nicklas, p. 224 below
- ↑ Nicklas, pp. 313-323
- ↑ engl. Sophia Briscoe
- ↑ engl. Johannes Stinstra (1708–1790)
- ↑ engl. Modern Language Quarterly
- ↑ Clarissa in the Internet Movie Database (English)
- ↑ engl. Radio play Clarissa