Ordinary dog ​​tongue

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ordinary dog ​​tongue
Common dog's tongue (Cynoglossum officinale)

Common dog's tongue
( Cynoglossum officinale )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Family : Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae)
Subfamily : Boraginoideae
Tribe : Cynoglosseae
Genre : Dog tongues ( Cynoglossum )
Type : Ordinary dog ​​tongue
Scientific name
Cynoglossum officinale
L.

The common dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale L.), also called dog's tongue for short , is a species of the dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum ) that is common in Germany and Austria .

description

The common dog's tongue is a biennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of up to 80 cm. The sturdy stem has a diameter of up to 1 cm, is angular, loosely shaggy hairy and densely leafed. The plant has a mouse odor. The basal sheets are heaped in rosettes at the base. The stem leaves are sessile, encompassing the stem, hairy on both sides when pressed, gray-green and coarse, the upper ones are lanceolate and tomentose.

Detail view of the inflorescence
Stem with leaf (upper side)
Inflorescence or fruit cluster
Stem with leaf (underside)
Dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale ), fruits
blossom
blossoms
fruit
The fruits are densely covered with barbs.

Many flowers are located in coils that are initially capped, later sparsely elongated and arranged in panicles. The first dark purple, later brown-red flowers are homogeneous, funnel-shaped "plate flowers". The rather long corolla tube is closed by bright red hollow scales (pharynx scales), so the nectar is only accessible to bees and butterflies. Finally, spontaneous self-pollination is also possible. Flowering time is from May to July.

The four partial fruits that are fused with the central column (Klausen) are barbed-prickly on the outside and are spread as Velcro fasteners, e.g. B. by rabbits . The flattened, egg-shaped nuts are densely studded with barbs.

Occurrence

The original distribution area of ​​the common dog tongue is in Europe, in West and Central Asia, in the Caucasus and in Siberia. In North America the species is a neophyte.

The common dog's tongue grows absent-mindedly, but locally often in sunny weed meadows, on rubble sites, roadsides, animal burrows and in intensively used pastures. It prefers dry, nutrient-rich soils in a sunny location. After Ellenberg it is a light plant, intermediate-continental spread, a Schwachbasen- and nitrogen pointer and association characteristic species requiring heat thistle companies ( Onopordion acanthii ). In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tannheimer Tal on a Gamsläger on the southwest face of the Hochwiesler to an altitude of 1820 meters.

ecology

The common dog's tongue is a biennial (to perennial) semi-rosette plant.

The flowers are homogeneous, funnel-shaped "plate flowers". The rather long corolla tube is closed by gullet scales , so the nectar is only accessible to bees and butterflies . Finally, there is also spontaneous self-pollination . Flowering time is from May to July.

The 4 partial fruits fused with the middle column as Klausen are barbed-prickly and are spread as sticky, z. B. by rabbits . The process is reminiscent of modern Velcro fasteners. The plant is a hibernator and a dark germ, which is caused by adherent and then z. T. is promoted by covering soil. At the same time, the thorns are also a hindrance to the spread. Fruit ripening is from July to October.

Systematics

One can distinguish between two subspecies:

  • Cynoglossum officinale L. subsp. officinale
  • Cynoglossum officinale subsp. rotatum (Velen.) Peev (Syn .: Cynoglossum rotatum Velen. ): It occurs only in Bulgaria.

Toxicity

The whole plant is poisonous, but there is only a risk of poisoning in animals.

The main active ingredients are 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are found in dried herbs or in dried roots with up to 14 g / kg, corresponding to 14,700 ppm. are represented. The fresh herb contains 1.72% total alkaloids with 62% heliosupine . According to older information, in the roots also cynoglossin , consolidin and its fissile bases consolicin and cynoglossidin .

Symptoms of poisoning: In humans, poisoning is hardly to be expected. According to older information, cynoglossin has a paralyzing effect on the peripheral nerves of the frog , while Consolidin and Consolicin have a paralyzing effect on the central nervous system . Warm-blooded animals are not that sensitive. The toxicity of the leaves on smaller rodents is controversial. Cattle show great thirst and movement disorders of the hind legs.

Because of its toxicity, the use of this plant as a medicinal plant is not recommended today.

Common names

For the common dog tongue (Latin lingua canis ) exist or existed also the other German-language trivial names : Hangdszang ( Transylvania ), Honsszunge ( Middle High German ), Hontztonghe, Hundestunge ( Middle Low German ), Hundzunga ( Old High German ), Hundszung, Hunstzung (middle high German) Old High German), Huntzunge, Liebäugel ( Silesia ), Oggern and Venusfinger.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • O. Sebald, S. Seybold, G. Philippi, A. Wörz: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 5, Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Cynoglossum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 383.
  3. ↑ Benito Valdés, 2011: Boraginaceae. : Datasheet Cynoglossum officinale In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 124 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Common Dog's Tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Photos: