Dog tongues (plants)

Dog tongues
	Common dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Family :	Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae)
Subfamily :	Boraginoideae
Tribe :	Cynoglosseae
Genre :	Dog tongues
Scientific name
	Cynoglossum
	L.

The dog's tongues ( Cynoglossum ) are a genus of plants within the predatory family (Boraginaceae).

The name "dog's tongue" for the genus comes from its long, narrow leaves, which are reminiscent of the protruding tongues of dogs and are rough. The plants have a more or less pungent odor that is reminiscent of mice.

description

Illustration of the common dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale )

Vegetative characteristics

Dog tongue species are usually biennial or perennial , less often annual , herbaceous plants . The alternate leaves are simple and entire; they are usually stalked to sitting or half-encompassing the stem.

German dog's tongue flowers ( Cynoglossum germanicum )

Cretan dog's tongue fruit ( Cynoglossum creticum )

Generative characteristics

Mostly in terminal zymous or coiled inflorescences , mostly without bracts , many flowers stand together.

The hermaphrodite flowers are usually five-fold and radial symmetry with a double flower envelope . The mostly five, permanent sepals are fused at most at their base and enlarge after the anthesis . The usually five petals are fused into a cylindrical to funnel-shaped tube and has a wheel-shaped border. The corolla tube is closed by five gullet scales . Stamens and stylus are enclosed in the corolla tube. There is only one circle with mostly five fertile stamens (tetracyclic flower). The short stamens are in or above the middle. The two carpels form the upper ovary ; it is divided into four bays by false partitions. The gynobasic, short stylus is stable.

The Klaus fruit breaks down into four parts. The mostly four solitary nut-like clauses are egg-shaped to circular, convex, flat or slightly concave on the dorsal side, some with bulges and barbs.

ecology

The pollination takes place mainly by hoverflies .

Cynoglossum amabile

Cynoglossum borbonicum

Blossom of the lacquer- leaved dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum cheirifolium )

Cynoglossum grande

Cynoglossum lanceolatum

Cynoglossum virginianum

Cynoglossum zeylanicum

Systematics and distribution

The genus Cynoglossum was established by Carl von Linné . In 1913, Cynoglossum officinale L. was specified as the lectotype species . The genus Cynoglossum belongs to the tribe Cynoglosseae in the subfamily Boraginoideae within the family Boraginaceae .

The approximately 75 species of the genus Cynoglossum are predominantly found in the tropics and subtropics almost worldwide. There are eleven species in Europe and only two in Germany, the German dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum germanicum ) and the common dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale ). In Austria there is also Hungarian dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum hungaricum ).

There are around 75 species of Cynoglossum (here is a selection):

Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & JRDrumm. : The home is China and Bhutan . It occurs as a neophyte in North and South America, Africa, New Zealand and Hawaii.
Cynoglossum australe R.Br. : It was first described from Australia.
Cynoglossum borbonicum (Lam.) Bory : This endemic occurs only on Réunion .
Cynoglossum boreale Fernald : It was first described from North America.
Lacquer-leaved dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum cheirifolium L. ): It is widespread in southern Europe and North Africa.
Cynoglossum clandestinum Desf. : It occurs in Spain , Portugal , Sardinia , Sicily , Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia and Libya .
Cynoglossum coeruleum Hochst. ex A.DC. : It is common in tropical Africa.
Cynoglossum columnae Ten. : The homeland is Italy , Sicily, the Balkan Peninsula , the Aegean Sea and Turkey .
Cretan dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum creticum Mill. )
Cynoglossum dioscoridis Vill. : The homeland is Spain, France , Italy, Morocco and Algeria.
Cynoglossum formosanum Nakai : Home is Taiwan and Japan .
Cynoglossum furcatum Wall. ex Roxb. : It is common in Asia.
Cynoglossum gansuense Y.L.Liu : It thrives at altitudes of 1600 to 2900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Qinghai , Ningxia and Sichuan .
Cynoglossum geometricum Baker & CHWright (Syn .: Cynoglossum coeruleum Hochst. Ex A.DC. subsp. Geometricum (Baker & CHWright) S. Edwards ): It is widespread in Africa.
German dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum germanicum Jacq. , Syn .: Cynoglossum montanum Lam. Non L. )
Cynoglossum grande Douglas ex clay. : It is common in Canada and the USA .
Hungarian dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum hungaricum Simonk. ): It is distributed from eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Southeastern Europe to Turkey.
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. : It is widespread in Africa and Asia.
Cynoglossum macrocalycinum Riedl : It occurs in Inner Mongolia .
Cynoglossum magellense Ten. : The home is Italy.
Cynoglossum microglochin Benth. : It was first described from the Himalayas.
Cynoglossum montanum L. non Lam. : It occurs from southern Europe to the Middle East.
Cynoglossum nebrodense cast. : This endemic occurs only in Sicily .
Cynoglossum nervosum Benth. ex CBClarke : The home is India and Pakistan .
Common dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale L. , Syn .: Cynoglossum castellanum Pau ). With the subspecies:
- Cynoglossum officinale L. subsp. officinale
- Cynoglossum officinale subsp. rotatum (Velen.) Peev (Syn .: Cynoglossum rotatum Velen. )
Cynoglossum occidentale A. Gray : It was first described from California.
Cynoglossum schlagintweitii (Brand) Kazmi : It occurs in India and Tibet .
Cynoglossum sphacioticum Boiss. & Hero. : This endemic occurs only in Crete .
Cynoglossum triste Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 3100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .
Cynoglossum virginianum L .: It is common in Canada and the United States.
Cynoglossum viridiflorum Pallas ex Lehmann : It is distributed in Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Inner Mongolia.
Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don (including the variety Cynoglossum wallichii var. Glochidiatum (Wall. Ex Benth.) Kazmi ; Syn .: Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. Ex Benth. ): It is in Afghanistan , India, Pakistan, Nepal , Bhutan , Myanmar and China spread.
Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand : The home is India and Sri Lanka .

The delimitation of the species within the tribe Cynoglosseae is problematic and is handled inconsistently within botany. Traditionally, botanists, based mainly on morphological characteristics, especially of the fruits, have differentiated into a large number of genera, including Paracaryum , Solenanthus , Mattia , Mattiastrum , Rindera , Pardoglossum , Solenanthus , Trachelanthus and Lindelofia . Various revisions by different editors over the course of several decades have synonymized individual ones with one another without a satisfactory solution emerging. This prompted Werner Greuter in 1981 to combine most of these genera in a broad genus Cynoglossum until the situation was clarified, i.e. to synonymize the other genera with this. This was accepted by some botanists while others stuck to the traditional generic name.

Phylogenomic studies, in which the relationship is examined by comparing homologous DNA sequences, has clearly shown that the genus Cynoglossum is paraphyletic if these genera are recognized. There were also indications that deviating fruit shapes (as in Solenanthus and Pardoglossum ) could have ecological reasons (adapted to the distribution by animals, epizoochory ) and could have less weight as a taxonomic characteristic than previously thought. Until the situation has been satisfactorily clarified, however, many botanists have decided to continue using the traditional generic names.

literature

Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 5 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Buddlejaceae to Caprifoliaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 .
Miloslav Kovanda: Cynoglossum L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 119–121 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Gustav Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe . V. Volume, Part 3, JF Lehmanns, 1927, p. 2147.

Individual evidence

↑ Jürgen Trott-Tschepe, Annekatrin Puhle, Birgit Möller: Medicinal plants for health. Franckh-Kosmos, 2014, ISBN 978-3-440-14646-0 , p. 166.
↑ Paul Bohrisch : Joh. Karl Königs Warenlexikon. 13th edition, Springer, 1920, ISBN 978-3-663-00695-4 (reprint), p. 262.
↑ Hieronymus Bock : Kräutterbuch. Glaser, 1630, p. 185.
^ Hermann Hager : Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. First part, Springer, 1876, p. 992 f.
^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 701 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Boraginaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Benito Valdés: Boraginaceae. Cynoglossum . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 329 (English). , PDF file .
↑ Werner Greuter (editor) (1981): Med Checklist Notulae, 3. Willdenowia 11 (1): 23-43. JSTOR 3995788
↑ Maximilian Weigend, Federico Luebert, Federico Selvi, Grischa Brokamp, Hartmut H. Hilger (2013): Multiple origins for Hound's tongues (Cynoglossum L.) and Navel seeds (Omphalodes Mill.) - The phylogeny of the borage family (Boraginaceae s. str.). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68: 604-618. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.04.009
↑ Federico Selvi, Andrea Coppi, Lorenzo Cecchi (2011): High epizoochorous specialization and low DNA sequence divergence in Mediterranean Cynoglossum (Boraginaceae): Evidence from fruit traits and ITS region. Taxon 60 (4): 969-985.

Web links

Commons : Hundszungen ( Cynoglossum ) - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[1] Jürgen Trott-Tschepe, Annekatrin Puhle, Birgit Möller: Medicinal plants for health. Franckh-Kosmos, 2014, ISBN 978-3-440-14646-0 , p. 166.

[2] Paul Bohrisch : Joh. Karl Königs Warenlexikon. 13th edition, Springer, 1920, ISBN 978-3-663-00695-4 (reprint), p. 262.

[3] Hieronymus Bock : Kräutterbuch. Glaser, 1630, p. 185.

[4] Hermann Hager : Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. First part, Springer, 1876, p. 992 f.

[Fischadler2008-5] Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 701 .

[GRIN-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Boraginaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 20, 2014.

[Euro+Med-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Benito Valdés: Boraginaceae. Cynoglossum . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.

[FoC-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 329 (English). , PDF file .

[9] Werner Greuter (editor) (1981): Med Checklist Notulae, 3. Willdenowia 11 (1): 23-43. JSTOR 3995788

[10] Maximilian Weigend, Federico Luebert, Federico Selvi, Grischa Brokamp, Hartmut H. Hilger (2013): Multiple origins for Hound's tongues (Cynoglossum L.) and Navel seeds (Omphalodes Mill.) - The phylogeny of the borage family (Boraginaceae s. str.). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68: 604-618. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.04.009

[11] Federico Selvi, Andrea Coppi, Lorenzo Cecchi (2011): High epizoochorous specialization and low DNA sequence divergence in Mediterranean Cynoglossum (Boraginaceae): Evidence from fruit traits and ITS region. Taxon 60 (4): 969-985.