Stingrays
Stingrays | ||||||||||||
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Blaupunktrochen ( Taeniura lymma ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Dasyatidae | ||||||||||||
Jordan , 1888 |
The piercing - sting - or Whiptail rays (Dasyatidae) are a family of rays . The family includes almost 20 genera with over 100 species .
features
Depending on the species, stingrays are small to very large (22 to 260 cm wide). The back side is monochrome or patterned to a greater or lesser extent and is usually darker than the belly side. The body is flattened to varying degrees and, together with the pectoral fins, oval, approximately round or rhombic. The head is fully integrated into the body disc. The snout is angular or blunt, sometimes very elongated. The skirt-like nasal membranes around the nostrils are well developed. Stingrays have five gill slits. The tail can be short and strong but also more or less long with a slim base, sometimes very long and whip-like. The back of the fish is smooth or very prickly and has thorny placoid scales or tubercles. Often there is a central band of thorns. The dorsal and caudal fins are absent. The tail has one to four spines and in the middle on the underside, sometimes also on the top, a skin fold of varying degrees of development.
The tail spines are partially barbed and covered by glandular tissue that contains poison. Like the teeth of rays, these stings are regularly replaced every one to two years. The spiked tail is mainly used for defense and is thrown forward over the body in case of danger.
distribution
The distribution area of the stingrays mainly includes the Indo-Pacific area between the Red Sea and East Africa to the reefs off the Australian coast, but there are also occurrences in the Atlantic, such as the American stingray ( Dasyatis americana ) from the Canaries to the American coasts between New Jersey and Brazil or the common stingray ( Dasyatis pastinaca ) from the North Sea to the Canary Islands . Most species live exclusively in the sea.
In contrast to the representatives of the freshwater stingray family , which occur exclusively in the river systems of South America, there are also species of stingrays that migrate from the sea up the rivers, such as the feather-tailed stingray ( Pastinachus sephen ). Only a few species, such as the Laos stingray ( Hemitrygon laosensis ), live exclusively in rivers.
Systematics
About 90 species are counted among the stingrays, which are grouped into 19 genera and four subfamilies. In addition, there are some known but previously undescribed species.
- Subfamily Dasyatinae
- Genus Bathytoshia Whitley, 1933
- Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875)
- Bathytoshia centroura ( Mitchill , 1815)
- Bathytoshia lata (Garman, 1880)
- Genus Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810
- Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828)
- Dasyatis hypostigma Santos & Carvalho, 2004
- Dasyatis marmorata (Steindachner, 1892)
- Common stingray ( Dasyatis pastinaca ( Linnaeus , 1758))
- Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé, 1977
- Genus Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838
- Hemitrygon akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841)
- Hemitrygon bennettii (Müller & Henle, 1841)
- Hemitrygon fluviorum (Ogilby, 1908),
- Hemitrygon izuensis (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988)
- Hemitrygon laevigata (Chu, 1960)
- Laos stingray( Hemitrygon laosensis (Roberts & Karnasuta, 1987))
- Hemitrygon longicauda (Last & White, 2013)
- Hemitrygon navarrae (Steindachner, 1892)
- Hemitrygon parvonigra (Last & White, 2008)
- Hemitrygon sinensis (Steindachner, 1892).
- Genus Hypanus Rafinesque, 1818
- American stingray ( Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928))
- Hypanus berthalutzae Petean, Naylor & Lima, 2020
- Hypanus dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)
- Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Hypanus longus (Garman, 1880)
- Hypanus marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000)
- Hypanus rudis (Günther, 1870)
- Atlantic stingray ( Hypanus sabinus (Lesueur, 1824))
- Hypanus say (Lesueur, 1817)
- Genus Megatrygon Last et al., 2016
- Megatrygon microps (Annandale, 1908).
- Genus Pteroplatytrygon Fowler, 1910
- Pelagic stingray ( Pteroplatytrygon violacea ( Bonaparte , 1832))
- Genus Taeniurops Garman, 1913
- Taeniurops grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
- Taeniurops meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841).
- Genus Telatrygon Last et al., 2016
- Telatrygon acutirostra (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988)
- Telatrygon biasa Last, White & Naylor, 2016
- Telatrygon crozieri (Blyth, 1860)
- Telatrygon zugei (Müller & Henle, 1841),
- Genus Bathytoshia Whitley, 1933
- Subfamily Neotrygoninae
- Genus Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873
- Neotrygon annotata ( Last , 1987)
- Neotrygon australiae Last, White & Séret, 2016
- Neotrygon caeruleopunctata Last, White & Séret, 2016
- Gray stingray ( Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841))
- Masked stingray ( Neotrygon leylandi (Last, 1987))
- Neotrygon ningalooensis Last, White & Puckridge, 2010
- Neotrygon orientale Last, White & Séret, 2016,
- Neotrygon picta Last & White, 2008
- Neotrygon trigonoides (Castelnau, 1873)
- Neotrygon varidens (Garman, 1885)
- Genus Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837
- Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
- Taeniura lessoni Last, White & Naylor, 2016
- Blaupunkt stingray ( Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775))
- Genus Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873
- Subfamily Urogymninae
- Genus Brevitrygon Last et al., 2016
- Brevitrygon heterura (Bleeker, 1852)
- Brevitrygon imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Brevitrygon javaensis (Last & White, 2013)
- Brevitrygon walga (Müller & Henle, 1841).
- Genus Fluvitrygon Last et al., 2016
- Fluvitrygon kittipongi (Vidthayanon & Roberts, 2006)
- Fluvitrygon oxyrhyncha (Sauvage, 1878)
- Fluvitrygon signifer (Compagno & Roberts, 1982)
- Genus Fontitrygon Last et al., 2016
- Fontitrygon colarensis (Santos, Gomes & Charvet-Almeida, 2004)
- Fontitrygon garouaensis (Stauch & Blanc, 1962)
- Fontitrygon geijskesi (Boeseman, 1948)
- Fontitrygon margarita (Günther, 1870)
- Fontitrygon margaritella (Compagno & Roberts, 1984)
- Fontitrygon ukpam (Smith, 1863).
- Genus Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837
- Himantura australis Last, White & Naylor, 2016
- Himantura leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008
- Reticulate whipray ( Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789))
- Himantura undulata (Bleeker, 1852)
- Genus Maculabatis Last et al., 2016
- Maculabatis ambigua Last et al., 2016
- Maculabatis arabica Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2016
- Maculabatis astra (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Pogonoski, 2008)
- Maculabatis bineeshi Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2016
- Maculabatis gerrardi (Gray, 1851)
- Maculabatis macrura (Bleeker, 1852)
- Maculabatis pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852)
- Maculabatis randalli (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Moore, 2012)
- Maculabatis toshi (Whitley, 1939)
- Genus Pateobatis Last et al., 2016
- Pateobatis bleekeri (Blyth 1860)
- Pateobatis fai (Jordan & Seale, 1906)
- Pateobatis hortlei (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Kailola, 2006)
- Pateobatis jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909)
- Pateobatis uarnacoides (Bleeker, 1852).
- Genus Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837
- Urogymnus acanthobothrium Last, White & Kyne, 2016
- Hedgehog rays ( Urogymnus asperrimus ) (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Urogymnus dalyensis (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2008)
- Urogymnus granulatus (Macleay, 1883),
- Urogymnus lobistomus (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006)
- Giant freshwater stingray ( Urogymnus polylepsis (Bleeker, 1852))
- Genus Brevitrygon Last et al., 2016
- Subfamily Hypolophinae Stromer, 1910
- Genus Makararaja , Roberts, 2007
- Makararaja chindwinensis , Roberts, 2007
- Genus Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829
- Pastinachus ater (Macleay, 1883)
- Pastinachus gracilicaudus Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2010
- Feather-tailed stingray ( Pastinachus sephen ) (Forsskål, 1775)
- Pastinachus solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley, 2005
- Pastinachus stellurostris Last, Fami & Naylor, 2010
- Genus Makararaja , Roberts, 2007
Remarks
- ↑ Sister species of a clade from the freshwater stingray (Potamotrygonidae) and the American round stingray (Urotrygonidae). Is only provisionally assigned to the Dasyatidae.
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7
- Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish . Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Last, PR, Naylor, GJP & Manjaji-Matsumoto, BM (2016): A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa , 4139 (3): 345-368. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4139.3.2
- ↑ Petean, FF, Naylor, GJP & Lima, SMQ: Integrative taxonomy identifies a new stingray species of the genus Hypanus Rafinesque, 1818 (Dasyatidae, Myliobatiformes) from the Tropical Southwestern Atlantic. Journal of Fish Biology, August 2020, doi: 10.1111 / jfb.14483
Web links
- Stingrays on Fishbase.org (English)