Decabromodiphenyl ether
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| General | ||||||||||||||||
| Surname | Decabromodiphenyl ether | |||||||||||||||
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| Molecular formula | C 12 Br 10 O | |||||||||||||||
| Brief description |
white odorless solid |
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| properties | ||||||||||||||||
| Molar mass | 959.17 g mol −1 | |||||||||||||||
| Physical state |
firmly |
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| Melting point |
304-307 ° C |
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| boiling point |
425 ° C (decomposition) |
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| Vapor pressure |
4.63 10 −6 Pa (21 ° C) |
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| solubility |
almost insoluble in water (<0.1 mg l −1 at 20 ° C) |
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| safety instructions | ||||||||||||||||
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| Authorization procedure under REACH |
of particular concern : persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic ( PBT ), very persistent and very bioaccumulative ( vPvB ) |
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| As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . | ||||||||||||||||
Decabromodiphenylether ( DecaBDE ) is a flame retardant and belongs to the group of polybrominated diphenyl ethers .
use
DecaBDE is used in electrical and electronic devices, in vehicles, in upholstered furniture and in plastics in the construction industry. Types of plastics that it is used on are HIPS , polyethylene , polypropylene , unsaturated polyester, and polybutylene terephthalate . Annual consumption worldwide in 2001 was estimated at 56,100 tons, of which around 7,600 tons were used by European industry. The production of the chemical itself no longer takes place in Europe.
Environmental relevance
DecaBDE enters the environment through various processes and occurs in environmental compartments such as air, water, soil and river sediments. It is also found in sewage sludge and house dust . The concentrations are usually higher than those of other polybrominated diphenyl ethers. In a study carried out by WWF , DecaBDE was also found in the blood of MEPs. A risk assessment completed in 2004 within the framework of the EU Ordinance on Existing Substances 793/93 / EEC, however, found no risk for humans or the environment. Recently, however, discussions have arisen again, as new studies have shown that the substance can be debrominated under the influence of UV radiation and thus the recently banned OctaBDE and PentaBDE can also be formed. After a review until 2007, the results of the risk assessment were published in the Official Journal of the European Union on May 29, 2008, which was the final formal step in the risk assessment process.
Legal Aspects
In electrical average concentrations of 510 was in 2003 and 2011 studies conducted ppm or ppm found 390, which confirmed the widespread occurrence of DecaBDE in electrical equipment.
DecaBDE was initially on the list of ingredients that should be prohibited by Directive 2002/95 / EC on the "Restriction of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment" ( RoHS ) with effect from July 1, 2006, in 2005 the European However, the commission can issue an exception for polymer applications. The EU Parliament and Denmark have appealed against this to the European Court of Justice , since usage bans in the RoHS Directive can only be lifted if there are no substitutes or if the substitutes have even more harmful effects. According to the EU Parliament and Denmark, neither is the case. The European Court of Justice , on 1 April 2008, the lawsuit filed by the EU Parliament and Denmark against the European Commission granted and the exemption of DecaBDE used by the Commission in 2005 primarily annulled on procedural considerations. At the same time, in a rare secondary decision, the Court of Justice only put a comparatively short transition period of 3 months until June 30, 2008 into force, after which the placing on the market of electronic devices with DecaBDE content above the permissible limit violates the RoHS directive.
This ruling had immediate effect and most EU member states no longer had to transpose it into national law (either because the exception was never incorporated into national law or because the respective national law dynamically refers to the directive). In a press release, the EU Commission accepted the decision and recommended manufacturers to prepare for the ban.
The legal situation in Switzerland is similar to the legal situation according to the directive, only that the requirement of missing substitutes has been incorporated directly into Swiss law ( ORRChem ). In the USA, the use of DecaBDE will be voluntarily dispensed with from 2012. For some applications (e.g. transport, military) the deadline has been extended by one year.
DecaBDE was subjected to a ten-year EU risk assessment, during which more than 1100 studies were evaluated. After the results of the risk assessment were published in the EU Official Journal in May 2008, DecaBDE went through the REACH registration process.
DecaBDE was registered with the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) at the end of August 2010 as part of the EU chemicals regulation REACH. DecaBDE is used in Europe for the production of a large number of textiles and plastics, among other things in the field of transport or in upholstered furniture.
The UK Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances (ACHS) presented its conclusions on an assessment of the most recent studies on DecaBDE on September 14, 2010. The council's conclusions will not result in any immediate changes to the EU regulatory status of DecaBDE - inclusive its classification and labeling - lead. The UK Department for the Environment (DEFRA) and the UK Environment Agency will now include the ACHS conclusions in their consultations with the other UK competent authorities under REACH.
Decabromodiphenylether was added to the SVHC list ( substances of very high concern ) with effect from December 19, 2012 . As of March 2, 2019, restrictions on production and placing on the market will come into force. Exceptions apply to the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts for aircraft and motor vehicles.
In addition, decabromodiphenyl ether was included in Appendix A of the Stockholm Convention in 2017 .
Web links
- Brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic equipment ( Memento from June 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) - Technical paper of the Federal Environment Agency (PDF; 54 kB)
- An Alternative Assessment for the Flame Retardant Decabromodiphenyl Ether (DecaBDE)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Entry on decabromodiphenyl ether in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on February 8, 2017(JavaScript required) .
- ↑ European Union Risk Assessment Report Bis (pentabromophenyl) ether (PDF; 10.1 MB). Final Report, 2002.
- ↑ a b Entry in the SVHC list of the European Chemicals Agency , accessed on July 17, 2014.
- ↑ Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (2003): Major Brominated Flame Retardants Volume Estimates - Total Market Demand By Region in 2001 ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) ( MS Word ; 87 kB) .
- ^ Kuch B., Körner W., Hagenmaier H. (2001): Monitoring of brominated flame retardants in rivers, sewage and sewage sludge in Baden-Württemberg ( Memento from June 22, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) . Environment and Health, University of Tübingen.
- ↑ Uhl M., Hohenblum P., Scharf S., Trimbacher C. (2004): House dust - an indicator for indoor pollution (PDF; 2.7 MB) . Federal Environment Agency, Vienna.
- ↑ WWF Detox Campaign (2004): Bad Blood? A Survey of Chemicals in the Blood of European Ministers
- ↑ a b Official Journal of the European Union: Communication from the Commission on the results of the risk assessment for chlorodifluoromethane, bis (pentabromophenyl) ether and methenamine as well as on the risk reduction strategy for methenamine
- ^ Leo S. Morf, Josef Tremp, Rolf Gloor, Yvonne Huber, Markus Stengele, Markus Zennegg: Brominated Flame Retardants in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Substance Flows in a Recycling Plant. In: Environmental Science & Technology . 39 (22), 2005, pp. 8691-8699, doi: 10.1021 / es051170k .
- ^ Ruedi Taverna, Rolf Gloor, Urs Maier, Markus Zennegg, Renato Figi, Edy Birchler: Material flows in Swiss electronic waste . Metals, non-metals, flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in small electrical and electronic devices . Federal Office for the Environment , Bern 2017. Environmental status No. 1717: 164 p.
- ↑ EU Commission decision on the exemption for DecaBDE .
- ↑ Umweltbundesamt (2007): Brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic equipment: The flame retardant decabromodiphenylether (DecaBDE) can be replaced by more environmentally friendly alternatives. ( Memento from June 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 55 kB) .
- ^ Judgment of the European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) , April 1, 2008.
- ↑ Ordinance on the reduction of risks when handling certain particularly dangerous substances, preparations and objects (Chemical Risk Reduction Ordinance, ORRChem) (PDF; 409 kB).
- ↑ Regulation (EU) 2017/227 of the Commission of 9 February 2017 amending Annex XVII of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Bis (pentabromophenyl) ether .
- ↑ SC-8/10: Listing of decabromodiphenyl ether (commercial mixture, c-decaBDE) , pp. 63–64, Stockholm Convention , May 2017.