Umbel Milky Star

Umbel Milky Star
	Umbellate Milky Star ( Ornithogalum umbellatum )
Systematics
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily :	Scilloideae
Genre :	Milky Stars ( Ornithogalum )
Type :	Umbel Milky Star
Scientific name
	Ornithogalum umbellatum
	L.

The cones milk rating ( Ornithogalum umbellatum ), also Doldiger Milchstern or Star of Bethlehem called, is a plant of the genus milk star ( ornithogalum ) within the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae). He belongs to a as Ornithogalum umbellatum - unit designated, very diverse and not fully clarified so far in Central Europe species group.

description

Distribution map

illustration

Vegetative characteristics

The umbellate milk star in the narrower sense grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of between 10 and 30 cm. These geophytes develop onions as persistence organs, which are surrounded by four to five relatively large, pointed bulbs that sprout in the first year and carry leaves. The onion leaves from last year have grown together. The mostly four to six (rarely up to nine) basal leaves that appear in February are 2 to 6 millimeters wide, simply parallel-veined and have a white central stripe. While the leaves are usually bright green and upright before flowering, they become longer and softer so that they begin to droop. After the flowering period, the leaves soon turn yellow and die above ground: the plant "moves in".

Generative characteristics

Five to twelve flowers are grouped together in a short umbrella cluster . The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers are threefold. The six identical bloom cladding sheets (tepals) are white, underneath greenish or with a green central stripe, are 15 to 22 millimeters (rarely up to 30 mm) long and 4 to 8 millimeters wide. There are two circles with three stamens each, the outer ones being 5 to 7 mm long and the inner ones 6 to 8 mm long. The simple stamens up to 3 mm wide are flattened. Three carpels are a 5 to 6 mm long ovary adherent having six distinct, rounded longitudinal edges and is yellow on top. The stylus is 3 to 4 mm long. The flowering period extends from April to June.

The lower fruit stalks are finally erect and protruding and not turned back. The triple, winged, fleshy capsule fruit is trimmed and contains many seeds.

The umbellate milk star in the narrower sense is triploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 27. There are closely related clans with diploid (2n = 18), tetraploid (2n = 36), pentaploid (2n = 45) and hexaploid (2n = 54) Chromosome set.

Umbellate Milky Star ( Ornithogalum umbellatum )

Population of the umbellate milk star ( Ornithogalum umbellatum )

Occurrence

In Austria it occurs scattered or rarely in all federal states except Vorarlberg (extinct). In Switzerland it occurs in the Central Plateau, in the Jura and in southern Ticino, in the northern Alps, in Valais and Graubünden it is rare. In Germany it is widespread and not endangered. In North America he is a neophyte .

As a location, the umbellate milk star prefers roadsides, vineyards and dry to fresh meadows. It likes to grow on loamy soils. It is relatively rare, but it usually occurs more frequently where it grows. It usually thrives in the association of the Geranio-Allietum from the Euphorbio-Fumarion association, but also occurs in societies of the Arrhenatheretalia order or the Alliarion association.

ecology

The Ornithogalum umbellatum is an onion - Geophyt ; its bulbs are 2 to 4 cm deep. The spring leaves move in early and are no longer visible in summer. The basal leaves are fleshy and runny and thus direct the water to the roots.

The flowers are feminine, "nectar-carrying disc flowers" opened when the sun is shining; with us they are often sterile. The nectar is deposited at the edge of the carpels (septal nectaries) and runs down their outer furrows. From the anthers, the 3 outer ones open first, then the 3 inner ones. In addition to hermaphrodite plants, there are also those with anthers that do not open; the plant is therefore gyno-dioecious. The flowers are pollinated by insects or self- pollination occurs , e.g. As if the flowers in cloudy weather or afternoon close, or when the dust bag before dying back to scar move back.

The fruits are subject to gravity spread. The seeds have an oil body and are spread by ants ( myrmecochory ). In Central Europe , however, there is often no seed set.

Vegetative propagation takes place through the small, only sparsely laid out bulbs, which z. B. be carried away by voles , but also by humans with soil.

Systematics

The scientific name Ornithogalum umbellatum was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . This name was lectotyped by William Thomas Stearn through the illustration of a plant drawn by the French botanist Paul Reneaulme , which comes from the Loire Valley and has the characteristics of the triploid cytotype. Ornithogalum angustifolium Boreau is a synonym .

The division of the Ornithogalum umbellatum aggregate into different species or subspecies is the subject of current botanical research. The Ornithogalum umbellatum aggregate includes the species Ornithogalum divergens Boreau , Ornithogalum vulgare Sailer and, in a broader sense, clans such as Ornithogalum tenuifolium , Ornithogalum gussonii , Ornithogalum orthophyllum , Ornithogalum kochii and many more.

Toxicity

Onions are particularly poisonous; they contain the cardenolides convallatoxin (0.04%) and convalloside , which have a particularly strong effect on the heart. The biological activity is highest in the bulbs when they are in bloom. The toxicity of the onions of milk stars is also expressed in the regional designation as "gardener's death".

swell

literature

LWD van Raamsdonk: Biosystematic studies on the umbellatum-angustifolium complex of the genus Ornithogalum. (Liliaceae). II. Genome characterization and evolution. In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 6, No. 5, 1986, pp. 525-544, doi : 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.1986.tb00453.x .
Nick Herrmann: The narrow-leaved umbellate milky stars from the Ornithogalum umbellatum aggregate in East Germany: Overview of the current state of processing and knowledge . In: Communications on floristic mapping in Saxony-Anhalt. Volume 6, 2001, pp. 49-60 (PDF file; 251 kB).
Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
Nick Herrmann: Biological Flora of Central Europe: "Ornithogalum angustifolium" nom. prov., Syn. pp O. orthophyllum ssp. kochii = O. kochii Parl., O. gussonei Ten. In: Flora. Volume 197, No. 6, 2002, pp. 409-428, doi : 10.1078 / 0367-2530-00059 .
Franz Speta: Contribution to the knowledge of Ornithogalum sl (Hyacinthaceae) in Upper Austria. In: Contributions to the natural history of Upper Austria. Volume 9, 2000, pp. 743-792, (PDF file; 2.5 MB).
Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Ornithogalum . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , Ornithogalum umbellatum (English, online - the species Ornithogalum umbellatum not the aggregate or complex).
Nick Herrmann: First record of a diploid clan from the Ornithogalum umbellatum aggregate in Schleswig-Holstein. In: Kiel notes on botany. Volume 36, 2008, pp. 7-8 (PDF file).
Jacques Moret, Yvette Favereau, Robert Gorenflot: A biometric study of the Ornithogalum umbellatum (Hyacinthaceae) complex in France. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution Volume 175, No. 1-2, 1991, pp. 73-86, doi : 10.1007 / BF00942146 (Eng.).
Dankwart Seidel: Flowers. Determine accurately with the 3-check. 2nd, revised edition. blv, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2001, ISBN 3-405-15766-8 (the species Ornithogalum umbellatum not the aggregate or complex, here it becomes clear that the title promises something that is not possible in such a framework).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursions flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Franz Speta: Contribution to the knowledge of Ornithogalum sl (Hyacinthaceae) in Upper Austria. In: Contributions to the natural history of Upper Austria. Volume 9, 2000, pp. 743-792, (PDF file; 2.5 MB).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Ornithogalum . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , Ornithogalum umbellatum (English, online ).
↑ Th. WJ Gadella & LWD van Raamsdonk: Biosystematic studies on Ornithogalum umbellatum L. sl In: Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, Ser. 2. Volume 53, No. 2, 1981, pp. 745-791 (here: p. 760).
↑ Mario Martínez-Azorín, Manuel B. Crespo, Ana Juan: Nomenclature and taxonomy of Ornithogalum divergens Boreau (Hyacinthaceae) and related taxa of the polyploid complex of Ornithogalum umbellatum L. In: Candollea. Volume 64, No. 2, 2009, pp. 163-169 (PDF file) .
^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 133-134 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 553-554 .
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 307 ( digitized version ).
^ William T. Stearn: The Linnaean species of Ornithogalum (Liliaceae). In: Annales Musei Goulandris. Volume 6, 1983, pp. 139-170 (here: pp. 153-155).
^ Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 (reprint from 1994).

Web links

Commons : Dolden-Milchstern ( Ornithogalum umbellatum ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Umbel Milky Star. In: FloraWeb.de.
Umbel Milky Star . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
Distribution in the northern hemisphere from Eric Hultén & Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants , 1986., ISBN 3-87429-263-0
Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
On the toxicity of the Doldy Milky Star.

[ExÖst3-1] Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursions flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .

[Speta_2000-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Franz Speta: Contribution to the knowledge of Ornithogalum sl (Hyacinthaceae) in Upper Austria. In: Contributions to the natural history of Upper Austria. Volume 9, 2000, pp. 743-792, (PDF file; 2.5 MB).

[FNA-3] Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Ornithogalum . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , Ornithogalum umbellatum (English, online ).

[Gadella1981-4] Th. WJ Gadella & LWD van Raamsdonk: Biosystematic studies on Ornithogalum umbellatum L. sl In: Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, Ser. 2. Volume 53, No. 2, 1981, pp. 745-791 (here: p. 760).

[Martínez-Azorín2009-5] Mario Martínez-Azorín, Manuel B. Crespo, Ana Juan: Nomenclature and taxonomy of Ornithogalum divergens Boreau (Hyacinthaceae) and related taxa of the polyploid complex of Ornithogalum umbellatum L. In: Candollea. Volume 64, No. 2, 2009, pp. 163-169 (PDF file) .

[Oberdorfer2001-6] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 133-134 .

[Düll_2011-7] Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 553-554 .

[SpPl-8] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 307 ( digitized version ).

[Stearn_1983-9] William T. Stearn: The Linnaean species of Ornithogalum (Liliaceae). In: Annales Musei Goulandris. Volume 6, 1983, pp. 139-170 (here: pp. 153-155).

[Roth-Daunderer-Kormann-10] Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 (reprint from 1994).