Enterovirus

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Enterovirus
Coxsackie B4 virus.JPG

Coxsackie B4 virions, EM

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Pisoniviricetes
Order : Picornavirales
Family : Picornaviridae
Genre : Enterovirus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Symmetry : icosahedral
Cover : no
Scientific name
Enterovirus
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 12059
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 97
ICTVdB Virus Code : 00.052.0.01

Enterovirus (German enteroviruses ) is a genus of the family Picornaviridae . Poliovirus and the human enteroviruses (A to D) with the Coxsackie viruses , echoviruses , rhinoviruses and subtypes such as human enterovirus 70 and human enterovirus 71 are particularly important for humans. The three species of rhinoviruses were previously listed as a separate genus, but are now also part of the Enterovirus genus. The Enterovirus genusthus comprises (as of November 2018) 15species with at least 68 different subtypes confirmedby the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Enterovirus infections occur worldwide and often cause illnesses in Germany in summer.

transmission

All virus types belonging to the enterovirus genus are mainly transmitted fecal - orally , but for some pathogens such as the rhinoviruses, droplet infection is also a possible route of infection . It is also possible to transmit the virus diaplacentally (via the placenta ) with infection of the fetus . Infected people often excrete the virus in their stool over several weeks. In human-to-human transmission, contaminated hands play the most important role. Enteroviruses remain stable on contaminated objects, e.g. toys, for a long time. Such items are considered a possible source of infection, especially in the case of intrafamily outbreaks or small-scale epidemics in childcare facilities.

Another source of infection is contaminated drinking water . If swimming pools or lakes are contaminated by the faeces of infected people, transmission of these viruses is possible, which is why aseptic meningitis, especially caused by echoviruses, often accumulates immediately after hot summer days.

Consequences of infection

The incubation period is 2 to 35 days. The diseases caused by enteroviruses ranging from polio , infections of the upper respiratory tract ( common cold , " summer flu "), Herpangina , hand, foot and mouth disease , gastroenteritis , febrile generalized rashes , hemorrhagic conjunctivitis , myalgia epidemic , pneumonia , Pleurodynia epidemic , Myocarditis , pericarditis , hepatitis , meningitis , encephalitis , paralysis , fetal damage to severe neonatal disease with pneumonia, myocarditis and meningoencephalitis .

therapy

The therapy is symptomatic and depends on the affected organ system. Specific antiviral therapy is not available. Experimental vaccines and antivirals are being worked on. For example, bovine and human lactoferrins act as inhibitors of EV71 infection, and ribavirin could be a potential anti-drug EV71 inhibitor. In 2006, a retrospective enterovirus prophylaxis was applied for in the USA as US patent 7090855. Myocarditis was successfully treated with interferon-a in the test. Amantadine can also support the immune system as a general multiplication inhibitor for RNA viruses.

After infection, a presumably lifelong serotype - specific immunity results . These infections are favored by poor hygienic conditions and poor water hygiene. The pathogens are very stable at normal ambient temperatures. Larger outbreaks are regularly reported, for example from Athens in the summer of 2002 , where there were clusters of myocarditis caused by the Coxsackie B virus and deaths. In Germany, echoviruses , serotype 30, which cause aseptic meningitis, are usually detected in larger outbreaks .

prevention

A vaccine is not available for most types of virus. Measures to reduce risk are thorough hand washing, if necessary with hand disinfection for infected people, after defecation , compliance with hygienic measures when preparing food, consumption of cooked food and peeled fruit.

Systematics

The present system follows the requirements of the ICTV as of November 2018, virus names and acronyms are as of 2016 unless otherwise stated.

  • Enterovirus genus
    • Species Enterovirus A (EV-A)
    • Species Enterovirus B (EV-B)
      • Human Enterovirus / Simian Enterovirus B
        • EV-B69, EV-B73, EV-B74, EV-B75, EV-B77 to EV-B88, EV-B93, EV-B97, EV-B98, EV-B100, EV-B101, EV-B106, EV- B107, EV-B111 (people)
        • EV-B110, EV-B112 (Scimbpansen) (from a chimpanzee)
        • EV-B113 ( mandrills )
        • SA5 (simian: monkey)
      • Coxsackie Virus B (CV-B)
        • CV-B1, CV-B2, CV-B3, CV-B6
        • CV-B4 - including Swine vesicular disease virus 2 (SVDV-2)
        • CV-B5 - including Swine vesicular disease virus 1 (SVDV-1)
        • CV-A9 (sic! - corrected misallocation)
      • Echovirus
        • E-1 - including E-8
        • E-2 to E-7, E-11 to E-21, E-24 to E-27, E-29 to E-33
        • E-9 - including CV-A23
    • Species Enterovirus C (EV-C, type species)
      • Human Enterovirus C
        • EV-C95, EV-C96, EV-C99, EV-C102, EV-C104, EV-C105, EV-C109, EV-C113, EV-C116, EV-C117, EV-C118 (human)
      • Coxsackie Virus C (CV-C) - segregated, formerly CV-A
        • CV-A1, CV-A11, CV-A13, CV-A17, CV-A19, CV-A20, CV-A21, CV-A22, CV-A24
      • Poliovirus (PV, HPV)
        • PV1, PV2, PV3 (people)
    • Species Enterovirus D (EV-D)
    • Species Enterovirus E (EV-E)
      • Bovine Enterovirus A (BEV-1)
        • EV-E1 (alias BEV-A1), EV-E2 (alias BEV-A2), EV-E3 (alias BEV-A3) (cattle)
        • EV-E4 (aka BEV-A4) - found in wastewater
    • Species Enterovirus F (EV-F)
      • Bovine Enterovirus B (BEV-2) - obsolete, also other mammals
        EV-F1 (formerly BEV-B1) to EV-F3 (formerly BEV-B3), EV-F5 (formerly BEV-B5), EV-F6 (formerly BEV -B6) (cattle)
        EV-F4 (formerly BEV-B4) (small marsupials, English possums )
    • Species Enterovirus G (EV-G)
      • Porcine Enterovirus B (PEV-B, including Ovine Enterovirus)
        • EV-G1 to EV-G4, EV-G6-EV-G19 (domestic and wild boars)
        • EV-G5 (ovine enterovirus, sheep)
    • Species Enterovirus H (EV-H)
    • Species Enterovirus I (EV-I)
    • Species Enterovirus J (EV-J)
    • Species Enterovirus K (EV-K)
    • Species Enterovirus L (EV-L)
    • Species Rhinovirus A (RV-A)
      • Human Rhinovirus A (HRV-A)
        • RV-A1, RV-A2, RV-A7, RV-A8 (including A95), RV-A9 to RV-A15, RV-A16, RV-A18 to RV-A25, RV-A28, RV-A29 (including A44 ), RV-A30 to RV-A34, RV-A36, RV-A38 to RV-A41, RV-A43, RV-A45 to RV-A47, RV-A49 to RV-A53, RV-A54 (including A98), RV-A55 ​​to RV-A68, RV-A71, RV-A73 to RV-A78, RV-A80 to RV-A82, RV-A85, RV-A8 to RV-A90, RV-A94, RV-A96, RV- A100 to RV-A109
    • Species Rhinovirus B (RV-B)
      • Human Rhinovirus B (HRV-B)
        • RV-B3 to RV-B6, RV-B14, RV-B17, RV-B26, RV-B27, RV-B35, RV-B37, RV-B42, RV-B48, RV-B52, RV-B69, RV- B70, RV-B72, RV-B79, RV-B83, RV-B84, RV-B86, RV-B91 to RV-B93, RV-B97, RV-B99 to RV-B106
    • Species Rhinovirus C (RV-C)
      • Human rhinovirus C (HRV-C, partly also HRV-A2, HRV-X) - separated from HRV-A
        • RV-C1 to RV-C56

Entries and exits:

  • The former species Echovirus (echo - acronym for English enteric, cytopathic, human, orphan ) no longer exists as such, the viruses are now part of the newly created genus Parechovirus , unless they are here as subtypes of the species Enterovirus B in the genus described here Enterovirus were slammed.
  • The three species of rhinoviruses were previously placed in a separate genus rhinovirus from the same family Picornaviridae .
  • The earlier so-called porcine enteroviruses (PEV) 1 to 7 and 11 to 13 are now reversed as porcine teschovirus 1 to 10, species Teschovirus A (TeV-A) in the genus Teschovirus of the Picornaviridae .
  • The formerly known as Porcine Enterovirus A (PEV-8) is now listed as Porcine Sapelovirus (PSV), species Sapelovirus A (SAPV-A) in the genus Sapelovirus of the Picornaviridae .

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
  2. ↑ a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Enterovirus C , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ^ Tung WS, Bakar SA, Sekawi Z, Rosli R: DNA vaccine constructs against enterovirus 71 elicit immune response in mice . In: Genet Vaccines Ther . 5, 2007, p. 6. doi : 10.1186 / 1479-0556-5-6 . PMID 17445254 .
  4. ↑ Li ZH, Li CM, Ling P et al .: Ribavirin reduces mortality in enterovirus 71-infected mice by decreasing viral replication . In: J. Infect. Dis. . 197, No. 6, 2008, pp. 854-7. doi : 10.1086 / 527326 . PMID 18279075 .
  5. ↑ Prevention of Type 1 diabetes and other non-polio enterovirus diseases , US Patent US7090855B1
  6. ↑ Successful treatment of myocarditis caused by enteroviruses with interferon-α, doi: 10.1016 / S1053-2498 (02) 00565-X
  7. ↑ ICTV : Master Species List 2018a v1 , MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. Fall 2018 (MSL # 33)
  8. ↑ ViralZone: ICTV 2016 Master Species List # 31 with Acronyms, (Excel XLSX) , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
  9. ↑ Details: Enterovirus A . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  10. ↑ Details: Enterovirus B . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  11. ↑ Details: Enterovirus C . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  12. ↑ Details: Enterovirus D . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  13. ↑ Details: enterovirus E . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  14. ↑ Details: Enterovirus F . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  15. ↑ Details: Enterovirus G . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  16. ↑ Ryo Imaia, Tetsuya Mizutania et al : A novel defective recombinant porcine enterovirus G virus carrying a porcine torovirus papain-like cysteine ​​protease gene and a putative anti-apoptosis gene in place of viral structural protein genes , in: Infection, Genetics and Evolution, Volume 75, November 2019, doi: 10.1016 / j.meegid.2019.103975
  17. ↑ Jan Osterkamp: Virus that is too short multiplies anyway , on: Spektrum.de from October 22, 2019
  18. ↑ Details: Enterovirus H . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  19. ↑ Details: Enterovirus I . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  20. ↑ Details: Enterovirus J . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  21. ↑ Details: Enterovirus K . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  22. ↑ Details: Enterovirus L and Enterovirus L seqs . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  23. ↑ Details: rhinovirus A . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  24. ↑ Details: rhinovirus B . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  25. ↑ Details: rhinovirus C . In: The Picornavirus Pages; accessed on February 15, 2019
  26. ↑ ICTV : Picornavirales> Picornaviridae, Genus: Parechovirus , in the 10th Report of the ICTV. Section: Derivation of names