Oak tangle

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Oak tangle
2011-12-27 Daedalea quercina crop.jpg

Oak Wirrling ( Daedalea quercina )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Stalk porlings (Polyporales)
Family : Tree spongy relatives (Fomitopsidaceae)
Genre : Tangled ( Daedalea )
Type : Oak tangle
Scientific name
Daedalea quercina
( L. ) Pers.

The Oak random Ling ( Daedalea quercina , Syn. : Trametes quercina ) is also Oak Tramete called and is a type of fungus from the family of Baumschwamm relatives (Fomitopsidaceae). It is the type species of the tangled ( Daedalea ) and at the same time the only species of this genus in Europe. The coarse, lamellar, labyrinthine underside of the fruiting body is typical of the mushroom. The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) quercina refers to its most important host, the oak ( Quercus ), in whose heartwood the brown rot fungus grows. The Latin generic name is an allusion to Greek mythology. Daedalus (Gr. Daidalos) was the builder who built the labyrinth for the Minotaur .

The mushroom is found almost worldwide in Europe, Asia, North America, North Africa and Australia. The cork-like, hard-fleshed mushroom is inedible. However, some pharmacologically usable ingredients could be isolated from it.

features

The "pore layer" or better the hymenophore is lamellar to labyrinth-like, it is also called a daedaloid .
Often one finds the group-like overgrown fruiting bodies on debarked tree stumps.
Daedalea quercina fruiting bodies on a debarked tree stump.
Illustration from James Sowerby's "Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms" (1797)

Macroscopic features

The tangled oak forms relatively thick, console-shaped to fan-shaped fruiting bodies, which are mostly fused with their host over a wide area. The single hats are about 5–20 cm long, 4–10 cm wide and 2–4 cm thick. They usually sit in groups or rows on the trunk or branches of rotten oak. The surface of the hat is often pale wood-brown to gray-brown in color and is bulging and at the same time uneven, wrinkled and bumpy. Sometimes the top is zoned more or less concentrically. The edge of the console is quite sharp. The hat meat or trama is thin and leather to cocoa colored and has a tough, cork-like consistency. The lower “pore layer”, scientifically called the hymenophore , is whitish to brownish in color and is initially porous. As soon as the fruiting bodies ripen, however, some pore walls break out and form the chamber-like slits and blunt ribs. This leads to the characteristic lamellar to labyrinthine (daedaloid) appearance. Round pores are also often found at the edge zone. The thick, coarse pore chambers are 10–30 mm long. The pore layer cannot be separated from the hat meat. The odor of the fruit bodies is insignificant and the taste is not very characteristic. The perennial fruiting bodies can be found all year round.

Microscopic features

The spore powder of the oak tangle is white. The oblong elliptic Basidio spores measure 5-7 x 2-4 microns and are smooth and inamyloid . The spores have a bent appendix. The appendix is ​​a small appendix with which the spore was attached to the sterigma of the basidia . There are no cystids , but thick-walled, spindle-shaped pseudocystids are found. These are skeletal hyphae that sometimes protrude from the fruit layer ( hymenium ).

The trama or pulp is trimitic , that is, it is composed of three different types of hyphae. The generative hyphae are thin and hyaline and have septa and buckles . The connective hyphae are light yellow-brown and serpentine and short branched and the skeletal hyphae are light ocher-brown and thick-walled.

Species delimitation

The tangled oak is quite easy to recognize due to its roughly laid out, lamellar, labyrinthine hymenophore . The hymenophore is the form-giving structure that carries the actual fruit layer, i.e. the tubes, spines and lamellae of the fruiting body. In other species with a labyrinthine or daedoloid hymenophore, this is finer. In addition, the fungus is found almost exclusively on oaks in Central Europe. Most likely you can confuse the fruiting body with the reddening tramete , but this has a finer lamellar labyrinth and turns reddish when pressed.

ecology

The Wirrling oak grows almost exclusively on oak species in Central Europe; it can occasionally be found on sweet chestnuts ( Castanea sativa ), poplars ( Populus spec. ) Or Robinia ( Robinia pseudoacacia ). In America, the fungus next oaks comes to the American beech ( Fagus grandifola ), the white ash ( Fraxina americana ), the black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and the American elm ( Ulmus americana before).

The oak tangle occurs in all domestic oak and oak-beech mixed forests. It is also rarely found in gardens or parks. It can also grow on built-in wood. The fungus is a typical saprobiont , which mainly causes brown rot on unindicated stumps, dead roots and root necks . It occurs on wood lying on the ground as well as on old, still living trees, provided the fungus was able to penetrate after the bark has been damaged in some way. It then usually develops undetected in the heartwood and is usually only discovered when the first fruiting bodies appear. It is generally regarded as a wound parasite, but strictly speaking, this is not correct, as the fungus does not attack living tissue.

distribution

The oak tangle is found almost all over the world. In the Holarctic it is widespread from meridional to temperate . It occurs in large parts of Asia, from Asia Minor, across the Caucasus and southern Siberia, as well as Central Asia, Iran and India to China. It can also be found in North America (Canada, USA, Mexico) and in North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia). It was also found in Australia. In Europe, the oak tangle occurs in almost all countries, whereby its distribution area coincides with that of the oak. The 60th parallel is roughly the northern limit. In Greece and Turkey, where the fungus occurs beyond the range of the oak, the fungus is probably mainly bound to chestnuts.

Table with European countries in which the oak tangle was detected.
South / Southeast Europe Western Europe Central Europe Eastern Europe Northern Europe
Portugal,
Spain,
Italy,
Slovenia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Romania,
Greece 		France,
Belgium,
Netherlands,
Great Britain,
Ireland 		Switzerland,
Germany,
Austria,
Czech Republic,
Poland,
Slovakia,
Hungary 		Ukraine Denmark,
Norway,
Sweden,
Finland

In Germany the Wirrling oak is widespread and common almost everywhere from the offshore North and Baltic Sea islands to the Alpine region. The species is only rarer in the higher-lying southern German coniferous forest areas. In Germany and Austria, the Wirrling oak is one of the most common types of fungus, which is virtually absent in any oak or mixed oak forest.

Systematics

to form

Forma trametea is a form with large, angular pores, similar to that provided drinking fruit bodies of Trameten ( Trametes place).

meaning

Quercinol and its enantiomer Daedalin A

Although the mushrooms are inedible due to the cork-like consistency of the pulp, the mushroom has been used in a wide variety of ways. A rather unusual application was the use of the mushroom as a comb. The fruit bodies were used in this way to groom horses with sensitive, delicate skin. Beekeeping was another field of application. Gilbertson mentions in his book that in England smoldering fruit bodies are used as incense to calm bees.

Another, much more modern application is the biological degradation of industrial waste. Studies have shown that the lignin-degrading enzyme laccase , which has been isolated from the fungus, is able to degrade a large number of toxic dyes and aromatic compounds .

In addition, the fungus could also have a pharmacological importance as it contains quercinol and its mirror image isomer ( enantiomer ) daedalin A. Both are chromene or benzopyran derivatives. Quercinol, isolated from the tangled oak, has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the enzymes cyclooxygenase -2, xanthine oxidase and horseradish peroxidase .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Synonyms of Daedalea quercina. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved November 26, 2011 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Mushrooms Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 271 .
  3. ↑ a b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 , p. 506.
  4. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 318 .
  5. ^ LO Overholts: Geographical distribution of some American polyporaceae. In: Mycologia. 13 (6) 1939, pp. 629-652.
  6. ↑ F. Kotlaba: Zeměpisné Rozšíření a ekologie chorošů (Polyporales sl) v Československu [The range and ecology of Polyporales species in Czechoslovakia Republic]. In: Věd. Česk. Akad. Praha. 1984
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Daedalea quercina. In: data.gbif.org. Retrieved November 27, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Daedalea quercina. Pilzoek database, accessed November 26, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved November 26, 2011 .
  10. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed November 26, 2011 .
  11. ↑ RW Schanzle: Daedalea quercina forma trametea in Illinois. In: Mycologia. 65 (3) 1973, pp. 689-690.
  12. ^ Rolfe F .: The Romance of the Fungus World: an Account of Fungus Life in its Numerous Guises, both Real and Legendary . Dover Publications, New York 1974, ISBN 0-486-23105-4 . P. 158.
  13. ^ RL Gilbertson: Wood-rotting fungi of North America. In: Mycologia . 72 (1) 1980, pp. 1-49.
  14. ↑ M. Asgher, HN Bhatti, M. Ashraf, RL Legge: Recent developments in biodegradation of industrial pollutants by white rot fungi and their enzyme system . In: biodegradation . 19, No. 6, November 2008, pp. 771-83. doi : 10.1007 / s10532-008-9185-3 . PMID 18373237 .
  15. ↑ P. Valerian: Purification and characterization of laccase from the white-rot fungus Daedalea quercina and decolorization of synthetic dyes by the enzyme . In: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. . 63, No. 5, February 2004, pp. 560-563. doi : 10.1007 / s00253-003-1434-0 . PMID 14504838 .
  16. ↑ P. Gebhardt, K. Dornberger, FA Gollmick, U. Gräfe, A. Härtl, H. Görls, B. Schlegel, C. Hertweck: Quercinol, an anti-inflammatory chromene from the wood-rotting fungus Daedalea quercina (Oak Mazegill ) . In: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. . 17, No. 9, May 2007, pp. 2558-2560. doi : 10.1016 / j.bmcl.2007.02.008 . PMID 17346963 .

Web links

Commons : Eichen-Wirrling ( Daedalea quercina )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files