Emanuel Philibert (Savoy)
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Emanuel Philibert of Savoy , called Iron Skull (* July 8, 1528 in Chambéry ; † August 30, 1580 in Turin ) was Duke of Savoy from 1553 to 1580 and governor of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1553 to 1559 .
Life
As the son of Duke Charles III. and Beatrix of Portugal (daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Aragón and Castile ) initially intended for a spiritual career, he became heir to the throne after the death of his brother Ludwig (1536) and therefore primarily politically and militarily educated. He entered the service of Emperor Charles V , who was a brother of Eleonora of Castile , the third wife of his grandfather, King Manuel I of Portugal . During the Italian wars between the French and the Spanish, France annexed almost all of its inheritance. The only hope of recovery was the service with Emperor Charles V, the enemy of France. Therefore he took part in his service in the battles of Ingolstadt (1546) and Mühlberg (1547), as well as in the later campaigns against France ( Metz and Bra , 1552). In 1553 he became governor and commander of the imperial and Spanish troops in Flanders , he drove the French out of the Artois after the battle of Renty in autumn 1554 ; In 1556 the emperor appointed him governor of the Habsburg Netherlands. After resumption of the fighting against France under Charles's successor Philip II , he defeated the French troops under Gaspard de Coligny in the battle of Saint-Quentin in 1557 . With the following Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis he got his lands back with the exception of the city of Geneva and some fortresses. In 1574 and 1575 he also acquired Pinerolo and Asti .
In 1563 he moved the capital of his duchy from Chambéry to Turin and established the Italian language as the official language in administration and justice . In 1578 he also had the Turin Shroud transferred from Chambéry to the Turin Cathedral . Filiberto was very concerned about the reorganization of his state and about the improvement of the agriculture and manufacturing plants devastated by the foreign troops. He also sustainably promoted banking. In doing so, he laid the foundations for building a small but disciplined army based on a militia system organized by provinces. The old feudal and mercenary armies were abolished. His small navy ( Nice ) took part in the Battle of Lepanto . After his death, he left behind a solid state that would later become a European middle power and that was at the forefront of the Italian unification movement during the Risorgimento .
Marriage and offspring
Emanuel Philibert married Princess Margaret of France , daughter of King Francis I, in 1559.They had one son:
- Duke Karl Emanuel I, the Great of Savoy (1562–1630) ∞ Katharina Michaela of Spain
Survival
The name Emanuel Philibert ( Emanuele Filiberto ) today bears the son Viktor Emanuel (IV.) Of Savoy, born in Geneva in 1972.
literature
- Enrico Stumpo: Emanuele Filiberto, duca di Savoia. In: Fiorella Bartoccini (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 42: Dugoni – Enza. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1993.
Web links
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Charles III |
Duke of Savoy 1553–1580 |
Karl Emanuel I. |
| Mary of Hungary |
Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands 1556–1559 |
Margaret of Parma |
Guillaume II. De Croÿ | Margaret of Austria | Mary of Castile | Emanuel Philibert of Savoy | Margaret of Parma | Fernando Álvarez de Toledo | Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens | Juan de Austria | Alessandro Farnese
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Emanuel Philibert |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia; Emmanuel-Philibert de Savoie; Iron skull; Testa di Ferro |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Duke of Savoy (1553–1580) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | July 8, 1528 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Chambery |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 30, 1580 |
| Place of death | Turin |