Alder-Täubling
| Alder-Täubling | ||||||||||||
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The alder-deaf ( Russula alnetorum , Syn .: Russula pumila ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Russula alnetorum | ||||||||||||
| Romagn. |
The alder deaf ( Russula alnetorum , Syn .: Russula pumila ) is a fungus from the family of deaf relatives . It is a rather small, violet-capped blubber, almost purple-black in the middle, with whitish lamellae and without a noticeable odor. The fungus can be found in moist to wet locations under various species of alder.
features
Macroscopic features
The usually rather small to almost medium-sized hat (2–) 2.5-4 (–6) cm wide. The hat flesh is very thin and very fragile. The hat itself is initially convex, soon spread out and later more or less depressed in the middle. The brim of the hat is blunt and initially smooth, later slightly arched and grooved with broad knuckles. The middle of the hat is very dark purple, almost black in color from the start, the edge is initially vivid purple wine red, then more purple-purple and a little lighter in color. Sometimes the hat also has ocher gray spots, especially in the middle. The edge is usually dry and dull, while the center is moist and shiny for a long time. Half of the hat skin is removable.
The lamellas are also very brittle and are soon clearly removed. They are rarely bifurcated or cross-veined and only mixed with intermediate lamellae. The 3–7 mm high and bulbous lamellae are attached to the stem in a straight or slightly curved manner. They are white-creamy white and often have a more or less grayish tinge with age. The edges are whole. The spore dust is also white to very pale cream in color ( Ib on the Romagnesi scale ).
The stalk 3–5 cm long, rarely up to 8 cm long and 0.4–1.0 cm wide. It is very brittle, more or less cylindrical, somewhat clubbed at the bottom and widened just below the hat. The stem meat is spongy and soft and finally hollow-chambered (cavernous) with about 3–5 chambers. The initially whitish stalk is soon pronounced lengthways and yellowing at the base of the stalk and then often over its entire length and, in dry weather, persistent or at the same time somewhat graying. With moisture and with age also very clearly graying. Finally it is gray-striped to completely gray to almost blackish-gray, with an ocher tinge. The stem bark is relatively thin and soon turns dark ocher to blackish gray.
The initially white flesh is spongy and very brittle. In cracks in hats or at feeding points, it often tends to turn yellow in dry weather. It soon turns grayish-yellow in the stem. The smell is insignificant, at best slightly fruity. The meat tastes clearly pungent to a bit pungent with a delay, but only temporarily. After prolonged chewing, the heat usually decreases or disappears completely. With FeSO 4 the meat reacts only weakly or not at all and guaiac is moderately strong, which means a little slowly but clearly blueing.
Microscopic features
The ellipsoidal spores are quite large with 7–12 × 7–9 µm and densely populated with relatively low, 0.5–0.8 µm high, hemispherical to frustoconical warts. These are clearly line-like-reticulate to partially reticulated or rarely also briefly burr-shaped. The hilly spot (supra-appendix spot) is indistinctly delimited, partly faint, partly more clearly amyloid, warty and 3–4 µm wide.
The more or less clubbed basidia are 43–65 µm long and 10–12.7 µm wide and have 4 sterigms .
The 65–75 µm long and 8–10 µm wide cystids in the lamellae are numerous. They are slightly spindle-shaped and taper off in a more or less distinct tip of 5–10 µm in length, which protrudes over the basidia by about 15 µm. In sulfovanillin, the cystidia are clearly blackened. The cuticle has about 3 µm wide, relatively thick hyphae . The epicuticular hyphae are 1.5-4 µm wide, septate and bluntly rounded at the tip. The dermatocystids are 5–9 µm wide, cylindrical or slightly clubbed, rounded or have a weak, neck-like narrowing. They are not or just simply seped. The hypodermis contains numerous laticifers .
Species delimitation
The appearance of the Täubling is reminiscent of the alternating colored Spei-Täubling or the mild wax -Täubling .
- It differs from the mild wax puff in its pungent to pungent taste and the stalk that turns gray with age and moisture.
- Young specimens that still have a white stem can be confused with the alternating colored Spei-Täubling or the black and red Spei-Täubling , which both have a much sharper taste. In addition, the mushroom is always associated with alder.
ecology
Like all Bluebirds, the Alder Bluebird is a mycorrhizal fungus that - as the name suggests - forms a symbiosis with various species of alder. In the lowlands and plains, the Täubling is mainly associated with black alder and sometimes with gray alder, and in the mountainous region more with green alder .
The Täubling can be found alongside the stream in various forest communities such as ash-bird cherry, black alder forests, peat moss-black alder swamp forest, green alder bushes or on the edges of low moors.
The fungus prefers waterlogged, moist, but not too wet locations. The soil can be richer or poorer in nutrients and neutral to slightly alkaline. Soils that are too acidic are avoided. It can be found on sandy, loamy to clayey debris and alluvial soils or on gley or pseudogly soils. The fruiting bodies appear from August to November with a maximum from mid-September to mid-October.
distribution
The Alder-Täubling is widespread in North Asia (Russia-Far East) and Europe. The species is scattered in gaps in western Germany from the seashore to the northern Alps and is known from all federal states, while it occurs only very rarely in the east. The Täubling occurs from the lowlands to the high mountains.
The red list of large mushrooms in Germany lists the species as critically endangered (endangerment category 1).
Systematics
Inquiry systematics
The alder pigeon is placed in the sub-section Atropurpurinae by M. Bon . The species in this group all have different colored, purple, violet or reddish hats, but never pure red hats. They all taste more or less hot and have white spore powder.
Subspecies and varieties
Until a few years ago, Russula pumila Rouzeau & Massart was contrasted as a separate species, Russula alnetorum . While R pumila enters into a symbiotic relationship with black alder and gray alder and occurs in the lowlands and in the low mountain ranges, R alnetorum should occur in the subalpine green alder bushes of the French and Bavarian Alps. R alnetorum should also be lighter in color overall and have a more blotchy, fading hat. It should also taste almost mild and have smaller spores. However, recent studies have shown that the two clans merge seamlessly and that a split into two types is therefore not justified.
meaning
Like all deafnesses from the Atropurpurinae subsection , the alder deafness is inedible or slightly poisonous.
literature
- Russula alnetorum. Partial Russula Database. In: cbs.knaw.nl. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, accessed November 1, 2011 .
- Russula alnetorum. (PDF (1.4 MB)) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 25 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved November 1, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
- Henri Romagnesi: Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p. 479 f . (French, online ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Russula alnetorum . In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org . Retrieved September 6, 2011.
- ↑ a b c d H. Jahn: Russula pumila Rouzeau & Massart, a deaf beneath Alnus glutinosa, found in northern Germany and Westphalia. (PDF; 542 kB) Westphalian mushroom letters, accessed on March 24, 2011 .
- ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 176 .
- ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 546.
- ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula alnetorum. In: species.be. Accessed June 7, 2012 (Täubling rare).
- ↑ a b Russula alnetorum. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 16, 2011 .
- ^ Russula alnetorum. Pilzoek database, accessed September 1, 2012 .
- ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula alnetorum. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved September 1, 2012 .
- ↑ Russula alnetorum, endangered status (as of 2016). Red List Center of BfN and DLR , accessed on March 29, 2020.
Web links
- Spore drawing of Russula alnetorum , after H. Romagnesi, (1967); CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center accessed on March 24, 2011.
- Russula alnetorum. In: Russulales News . Bart Buyck, accessed on June 1, 2014 (English, photo, nomenclature and original Latin diagnosis). |
- Karin Montag: The alder-deaf (Russula alnetorum) in the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved June 1, 2014 .
- H. Jahn et al .: Russula pumila Rouzeau & Massart, a pigeon under Alnus glutinosa, found in Northern Germany and Westphalia (PDF; 542 kB) In: Westfälische Pilzbriefe / wwwuser.gwdg.de . 1976. Retrieved May 30, 2012.