Alternating colored Spei-Täubling

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Alternating colored Spei-Täubling
Alternating-colored Spei-Täubling (Russula fragilis)

Alternating-colored Spei-Täubling
( Russula fragilis )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Alternating colored Spei-Täubling
Scientific name
Russula fragilis
( Pers  .: Fr. ) Fr.

The alternately colored Spei-Täubling ( Russula fragilis ), which is also called Zerbrechlicher Täubling based on its Latin epithet , is a leaf fungus from the family of Täubling relatives . The small, fragile Täubling has an alternately colored, often grooved hat, which is usually purple and greenish in color, but can also have pink-gray and yellow tones. The whitish lamellae usually have a notched to serrated edge. The white sporer has very brittle and very hot meat that has a typical fruit candy smell. Its relatively large, almost round spores are fine-networked and small-waxy. The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious from late July to early November in deciduous and coniferous forests. The mycorrhizal fungus is mainly associated with spruce, red beech and birch, more rarely with other deciduous and coniferous trees. It is not too common and prefers neutral to acidic, nutrient-poor soils.

features

Underside of the hat of the alternately colored Spei-blubber ( Russula fragilis )

Macroscopic features

The hat is 2–6 cm wide and of very variable color. It can be lavender-violet with a dark, almost black center or have various shades from olive-green to violet-pink to pale yellow. The color fades very quickly. The hat is convex when young, later flattened. The hat skin can be peeled off from the edge to about Rand in the middle. Older fruit bodies often have a clearly grooved edge.

The slightly club-shaped and fragile stem is quite long in relation to the width of the hat. It is white in color and turns yellow when dry.

The lamellae are bulged on the handle, colored white and usually show clearly sawed edges under the magnifying glass.

The meat is white, tastes very hot and smells fruity, candy-like. The spore powder is white in color.

Microscopic features

The almost spherical to ellipsoidal spores measure 7.4–9.7 × 6.2–8.1 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The relatively low spore ornament consists of numerous blunt warts up to 0.5 µm high, most of which are connected to one another by veins. The many, closed meshes, which vary in size and shape, form a fairly complete network. The apiculus measures 1.25 µm × 1–1.25 µm and the hilly spot is only weakly amyloid and indistinct.

The club-shaped, four-pore basidia are 37–47 µm long and 11–13 µm wide. The numerous hymenial cystids are only stained slightly gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde . The cheilocystids are spindle-shaped to cigar-shaped and often have an appendage at their tip. They measure 32–68 × 7–12 µm, while the similar pleurocystids , which only partially have an appendage, measure 55–100 × 9–12 µm.

The top layer of the hat consists of cylindrical, partly branched and simply septate, relatively narrow hairs that are about 2–3 µm wide. In between there are many club-shaped or cylindrical, blunt-topped and 4–8.5 µm wide pileocystids , which are often multiple septates and in sulfobenzaldehyde have a slightly gray-black content. Many laticifera are found in the hypodermis , pigments are only found intracellularly.

Species delimitation

The alternately colored Spei-Täubling can be confused with a whole range of Täubling because of its very variable hat color.

The birch spei-blubber ( Russula betularum ) is found quite often under birch trees . It is usually paler, but can be mistaken for faded specimens of the alternating colored Spei-blubber. The species has no serrated lamellar cutting edges.
The tender birch blubber ( Russula gracillima ) has a similar appearance and also grows under birch. But it tastes less spicy and has a reddish-tinged stem. This type does not have any sawn lamellar edges either.
The almost red-capped sweet-smelling deaf ( Russula fragilis var.  Knauthii ) can easily be confused with the red- capped Spei- deaf .
The violet-capped species of the subsection Violaceinae, green-violet deaf ( R. violacea ), hollow-stemmed deaf ( R. cavipes ) and aspen-deaf ( R. pelargonia ) are very similar . They differ mainly in their cream-colored spore powder and their spore ornamentation.

ecology

The alternately colored Spei-Täubling appears towards the end of summer and in autumn mostly in small groups in the deciduous and coniferous forest. In addition to birch, hornbeam, red beech, oak, poplar and pine, other trees can serve as mycorrhizal partners. The fungus prefers acidic sand, silicate, brown earth and floodplain soils.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the alternating colored Spei-Täubling.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The changeable Spei-Täubling is widespread all over the northern hemisphere, and it has also been detected in Australia. In the Holarctic zone, it is distributed in North Asia (Siberia, Korea, Japan), North America (Canada and USA), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and in Europe. You can also find it on the Canary Islands. In Europe, the deaf can be found in the south from Spain to Romania, in the west from France, across the Benelux countries and Great Britain up to the Hebrides . In the east it penetrates as far as Belarus and in the north in Iceland and Fennoscandinavia.

    In Germany, the species is widespread from the coasts and offshore islands to the High Rhine and the Northern Alps. Only in dry limestone areas is the species rarer or absent entirely.

    Systematics

    Inquiry systematics

    The alternating colored blubber is placed in the subsection Atropurpurinae within the section Russula . In this subsection, spicy-tasting species with hats of different colors, but never purely red, are summarized. Within this group, there is the greatest similarity to the black-red Spei-Täubling ( R. aquosa ), less to the purple-black Täubling ( R. atropurpurea ) - the type species of the subsection.

    Shapes and varieties (selection)

    The following forms and varieties have been described:

    variety author description
    Sweet smelling blubber - Russula fragilis var. Knauthii ( Singer ) Kuyper & Vuure (1985) The sweet-smelling blubber was also regarded as an independent species ( R. knauthii ). Because of its red hat color it resembles the red-capped Spei-deaf from the subsection Emeticinae . It is larger than the normal type, has a hat diameter of 5–8 cm and has a firmer meat. The smell is typically sweet and fruity as in the entire group around R. fragilis. The lamellas are quite close and are always clearly sawn. The stem is almost cylindrical, white and immutable. Pink is seldom overrun. The spores are decorated with thorns and more or less networked and are reminiscent of the Emetica group. The pileocystids are often narrowed at the septa.
    Russula fragilis var.  Violascens Gillet (1876) The hat is usually pure purple, sometimes with a little olive or flesh purple rim with a purple-purple center in the middle. The variety is found in swamps and moist coniferous forests. The variety or form is no longer differentiated from the type R. fragilis var. Fragilis .
    Russula fragilis var. Alpestris (Syn .: R. emetica f. Alpestris ) Boud. (1894) Small deaf, but not from the fragilis habitus, but rather stocky, with a short stem and firm consistency. The hat skin is relatively dark blood red. Exclusively on alpine pastures and crags above 1800–2500 m, July– August.
    Russula fragilis var. Alpigenes Bon (1990) Macroscopically very similar to Russula laccata , but has the typical fruity smell of the Fragilis group. Fructured in the alpine zone above the tree line.
    Russula fragilis var. Chionea Gillet (1876) A shape with a whitish hat and clearly grooved hat rim.
    Russula fragilis var. Fallax ( Schaeff. ) Massee (1893) The hat disc is dark olive-bronze, paler at the edge. The flesh is lavender under the hat skin, the hat is clearly zoned and reminiscent of R. turci . The form occurs in mixed deciduous forests.
    Russula fragilis var. Fumosa Gillet (1876) A shape with a completely gray hat partly colored darker in the middle. Reumaux introduced the variety in 1996 as a form to Russula autumnalis .
    Russula fragilis var. Gilva Einhell. (1985) Variety with a citring-yellow hat and a slightly paler rim. The white lamellas are sawn on the cutting edge. The meat is hot and smells like amyl acetate . The spores are net. The variety can easily be confused with the pale yellow blubber ( R. raoultii ).
    Russula fragilis var. Rufa P. Karst. (1889)
    Russula fragilis var. Salicina Melzer (1944)
    Russula fragilis var. Nivea Gillet (1876) Similar to the type species, but with a matte, pure white hat. In humid herbaceous mountain forests.
    Russula fragilis f. fennica P. Karst. (1889)
    Russula fragilis f. griseoviolacea Britzelm. (1896) With a wine-red or gray-violet hat and a grooved brim. Slats quite distant and white. The meat is brittle and very hot. Under conifers.
    Russula fragilis f. pseudoraoultii García Mon. (1995) A shape that is reminiscent of the pale yellow blubber and is found in Spain under holm oaks and rock roses.
    Russula fragilis f. viridilutea Bon (1988) The hat is predominantly yellowish green and 2–4 (5) cm wide. The lamellas are more or less sawn or notched. The smell and guaiac reaction are pronounced like the type.

    In addition, numerous other forms and varieties have been described. MycoBank lists a total of 23 valid taxa.

    meaning

    The alternating color Täubling is inedible due to its very pungent taste. It is at least eaten raw, slightly poisonous. Like many other sharp-tasting deaflings, it causes digestive problems, diarrhea and vomiting. See cherry red Spei-Täubling .

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Synonyms of Russula fragilis var. Fragilis. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed July 7, 2011 .
    2. ^ Roger Phillips: Mushrooms . Pan MacMillan, London (UK). 2006. S 25. ISBN 0-330-44237-6 .
    3. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart. 2005, p. 78. ISBN 3-440-09970-9 .
    4. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. XX.
    5. ^ Images of Russula fragilis ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). On: rogersmushrooms.com (engl.)
    6. ↑ Russula fragilis in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    7. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; accessed August 31, 2011]).
    8. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 292 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]). online ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
    9. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula fragilis. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    10. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula fragilis. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014 ; Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    11. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    12. ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    13. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula fragilis. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 6, 2012 .
    14. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula fragilis. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 .
    15. ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 550.
    16. ↑ Russula Part 5: Speitäublinge 29. Der Tintling 95, edition 4/2015, pp. 29-38
    17. ↑ Ludwig Beenken: The genus Russula : Investigations into their systematics based on ectomycorrhizae . Dissertation. LMU Munich. Faculty of Biology. 2004. P. 374 and 405 ff. (PDF; 26.0 MB)
    18. ↑ Varieties of Russula fragilis . In: Russales News / mtsn.tn.it . Accessed on September 2, 2011: "Russula fragilis"  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
    19. ^ Synonyms of Russula fragilis var. Knauthii. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed July 7, 2011 .
    20. ↑ a b c Russula fragilis. (PDF (1.4 MB)) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 24 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved August 20, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
    21. ^ Rolf Singer: R. fragilis var.  Violascens . In: Monograph of the genus Russula. Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt. 1932, p. 308. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
    22. ^ Synonyms of R. fragilis var. Fragilis. In: speciesfungorum.org. 2011, accessed July 7, 2011 .
    23. ^ R. Singer: Monograph of the genus Russula. (PDF) In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt (1932). A. Pascher, p. 309 , accessed July 8, 2011 .
    24. ↑ Russula fragilis var. Alpestris. In: indexfungorum.org. Retrieved July 8, 2011 .
    25. ↑ Russula fragilis var. Chionea. (No longer available online.) In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 20, 2011 (original diagnosis).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
    26. ↑ Russula fragilis var. Fumosa. (No longer available online.) In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 20, 2011 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
    27. ↑ a b c Russula fragilis. (DOC) Russulas. Micologia.biz Web de micología Europea, pp. 97, 99-100 , accessed July 8, 2011 (Spanish).
    28. ↑ Russula fragilis f. pseudoraoultii. (No longer available online.) In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 20, 2011 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
    29. ↑ MycoBank: input mask for search query Russula fragilis . Fungal databases. Nomenclature and Species Banks. Online Taxonomic Novelties Submission. Retrieved July 7, 2011.

    Web links

    Commons : Alternating colored Spei-Täubling ( Russula fragilis )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files